{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:04:30Z","timestamp":1792659870463,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":3,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"\n Context:<\/jats:title>\n Skin thickness of type-2 diabetic insulin na\u00efve adult patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n We have limited data on skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness of Indian type-2 diabetic population. Objective of this study was to assess skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness in insulin na\u00efve type-2 diabetic patients as this information may be useful for insulin injection technique.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aims:<\/jats:title>\n To assess the skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness at insulin injection sites in insulin na\u00efve, type-2 diabetic adult population across different body mass index (BMI).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Settings and Design:<\/jats:title>\n Observational study carried out at our institute.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n One hundred and one insulin na\u00efve type-2 diabetic subjects underwent skin thickness measurement using ultrasound at insulin administration sites. Skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness were measured and prints taken. Though, the sample size to be taken for the study was not calculated, the results obtained clearly show that the power of the study was 80%.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n At arm and thigh, the mean skin thickness was more in males as compared to females in the BMI range <23 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). At abdomen, skin thickness was more in males in the BMI range 19-23 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Across all the BMIs, mean skin plus subcutaneous thickness at arm was more in females (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) except for BMI >25 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n where thickness in males was comparable. At thigh, the skin plus subcutaneous tissue thickness was more in females (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05), across all BMI ranges. At abdomen, thickness was more in females for the BMI ranges 17-19 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n and 23-25 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , while it was comparable across all other BMI ranges (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness can be estimated by BMI. In general it is higher in females.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.117249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T01:48:18Z","timestamp":1377740898000},"page":"864-870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Evaluation of skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness at insulin injection sites in Indian, insulin na\u00efve, type-2 diabetic adult population"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sunil M.","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, TOTALL Diabetes Hormone Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirnesh","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, TOTALL Diabetes Hormone Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok","family":"Lahoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, TOTALL Diabetes Hormone Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Kiran","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, TOTALL Diabetes Hormone Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12530104","article-title":"Determining skin thickness with pulsed ultra sound","volume":"72","author":"Alexander","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"R2-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1969.tb16204.x","article-title":"A modified radiographic method for measuring skin thickness","volume":"81","author":"Black","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R3-20260327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.05.046","article-title":"Echographic measurement of skin thickness in adults by high frequency ultrasound to assess the appropriate microneedle length for intradermal delivery of vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Laurent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/02223308-201317050-00015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:39:16Z","timestamp":1786649956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/02223308-201317050-00015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"references-count":3,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.117249","relation":{},"ISSN":["2230-8210","2230-9500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2230-8210","type":"print"},{"value":"2230-9500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}}}