{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:47:59Z","timestamp":1791308879432,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Endocr Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.94253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,24]],"date-time":"2012-03-24T08:36:29Z","timestamp":1332578189000},"page":"27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":573,"title":["Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cresio","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Casqueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Casqueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-1","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Diabetic kidney disease: Act now or pay later","author":"Atkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1319-2442","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-2","first-page":"256","volume-title":"Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)","author":"Geerlings","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-3","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Increased risk of common infections in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus","author":"Muller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-4","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Common infections in diabetes: Pathogenesis, management and relationship to glycaemic control","author":"Peleg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-5","first-page":"512","volume-title":"The role of diabetes mellitus in patients with bloodstream infections","author":"Stoeckle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-6","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Diabetic angiopathy, the complement system and the tumor necrosis factor superfamily","author":"Flyvbjerg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-7","first-page":"995","volume-title":"Cytokine secretion is impaired in women with diabetes mellitus","author":"Geerlings","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-8","first-page":"1806","volume-title":"Methylglyoxal modulates immune responses: relevance to diabetes","author":"Price","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-9","first-page":"1906","volume-title":"Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus","author":"Nirmal","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-10","first-page":"1168","volume-title":"Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia and associated mortality","author":"Vardakas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-11","first-page":"S11","volume-title":"Standards of medical care in diabetes-2011","author":"American","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-12","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Influenza A virus (H1N1) infection as a cause of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes","author":"Cano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinol Nutr"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-13","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Pink Book: Chapters Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. 12 th Edition, April 2011. Available from: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/pubs\/pinkbook\/pink-chapters.htm [Last Accessed on 2011 Oct 12]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-14","first-page":"2251","volume-title":"Type 2 diabetes and pneumonia outcomes: A population-based cohort study","author":"Kornum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-15","first-page":"s67","volume-title":"Prevention of community-acquired pneumonia in adults","author":"Barros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-16","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Aspectos relevantes da interface entre diabetes mellitus e infec\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"Rocha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-17","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Influenza A 2009 (H1N1) virus in admitted and critically ill patients","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-18","first-page":"1935","volume-title":"Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April-June 2009","author":"Jain","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-19","first-page":"798","volume-title":"Immunization guidelines regarding patients with a chronic disease","author":"Aubert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Med Suisse"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-20","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates and their determinants in children with chronic medical conditions","author":"Giannattasio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-21","first-page":"352","volume-title":"Cross-sectional assessment reveals high diabetes prevalence among newly-diagnosed tuberculosis cases","author":"Restrepo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-22","first-page":"1436","volume-title":"The looming epidemic of diabetes-associated tuberculosis: learning lessons from the HIV-associated tuberculosis","author":"Harries","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inter J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-23","first-page":"737","volume-title":"Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: Convergence of two epidemics","author":"Dooley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-24","first-page":"1289","volume-title":"Implications of the global increase of diabetes for tuberculosis control and patient care","author":"Ruslami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-25","first-page":"S54","volume-title":"Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment","author":"Geerlings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-26","first-page":"597","volume-title":"Urinary tract infections in diabetes mellitus","author":"Ludwig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orv Hetil"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-27","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Assessment of risk factors in diabetic foot ulceration and their impact on the outcome of the disease","author":"Hokkam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prim Care Diab"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-28","first-page":"80S","volume-title":"Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes","author":"Stapleton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-29","first-page":"S51","volume-title":"Diabetes mellitus and urinary tract infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and proposed studies in animal models","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-30","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 2 diabetic subjects with and without microalbuminuria","author":"Papazafiropoulou","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-31","first-page":"2222","volume-title":"Asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes mellitus: effect on renal function after 6 years of follow-up","author":"Meiland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-32","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Infections in diabetes","author":"Calvet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-33","first-page":"e7","volume-title":"Emphysematous pyelonephritis caused by Candida tropicalis","author":"Krishnasamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-34","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Emphysematous urinary tract infections: diagnosis, treatment and survival (case review series)","author":"Mokabberi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-35","first-page":"597","volume-title":"Emphysematous pyelonephritis: a case report series of four patients with review of literature","author":"Mohsin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-36","first-page":"272","volume-title":"Current management of emphysematous pyelonephritis","author":"Pontin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-37","first-page":"462","volume-title":"Emphysematous pyelonephritis","author":"Yao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-38","first-page":"880","volume-title":"Risk factors for mortality in patients with emphysematous pyelonephritis: a meta-analysis","author":"Falagas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-39","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Culture-negative bilateral emphysematous pyelonephritis presented as acute renal failure and managed medically only","author":"Solak","year":"2010","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-40","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Emphysematous cystitis: A review of 135 cases","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-41","first-page":"1899","volume-title":"Management of fungal urinary tract infections","author":"Etienne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-42","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Emphysematous cystitis: illustrative case report and review of the literature","author":"Grupper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-43","first-page":"942","volume-title":"Emphysematous cystitis in the absence of known risk factors: An unusual clinical entity","author":"Kelesidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-44","first-page":"948","volume-title":"Emphysematous cystitis.Case report and review of literature","author":"Baena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Actas Urol Esp"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-45","first-page":"445","volume-title":"Renal and perinephric abscesses: A series of 44 cases","author":"Full\u00e1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-46","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Renal and perinephric abscesses: analysis of 65 consecutive cases","author":"Coelho","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-47","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Perinephric abscess: Associated factors and mortality","author":"Maldonado-Alcaraz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Esp Urol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-48","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Perinephric abscess secondary to a staghorn calculus presenting as a subcutaneous abscess","author":"Tsukagoshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-49","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Relationships of upper gastrointestinal motor and sensory function with glycemic control","author":"Rayner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-50","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Antiplatelet therapy, Helicobacter pylori infection and complicated peptic ulcer disease in diabetes: The fremantle diabetes study","author":"Schimke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-51","first-page":"2701","volume-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and endocrine disorders: is there a link.?","author":"Papamichael","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-52","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection significantly increases insulin resistance in the asymptomatic Japanese population","author":"Gunji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-53","first-page":"800","volume-title":"Helicobacter pylori, gastrointestinal symptoms, and metabolic control in young type 1 diabetes mellitus patients","author":"Candelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-54","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and diabetes","author":"Ojetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-55","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Frequency and enzymatic activity of Candida spp.oral cavity of diabetic patients of the service of endocrinology of a hospital of Fortaleza-CE","author":"Menezes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bras Patol Med Lab"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-56","first-page":"304","volume-title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis C in type 2 diabetes: Evidence for a positive association","author":"Jadoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-57","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Association of UVV with diabetes mellitus: an Egyptian case-control study","author":"Elhawary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-58","first-page":"1357","volume-title":"Hepatitis C virus and type2 diabetes","author":"Negro","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-59","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Risk factors for diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C","author":"Petit","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-60","first-page":"S46","volume-title":"Viral hepatitis infection and insulin resistance: A review of pathophysiological mechanisms","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Grobe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Salud Pub Mex"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-61","first-page":"668","volume-title":"The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","author":"Demir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eu J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-62","first-page":"1420","volume-title":"Asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus infection does not increase the risk of diabetes mellitus: A ten-year observation","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-63","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Maternal hepatitis B infection and gestational diabetes mellitus","author":"Lao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-64","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Eliminating the blood: ongoing outbreaks of hepatitis B virus infection and the need for innovative glucose monitoring technologies","author":"Thomson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-65","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Enteroviral pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes","author":"Hober","year":"2010","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-66","first-page":"3174","volume-title":"Enterovirus infection and progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes.The Diabetes and Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY)","author":"Stene","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-67","first-page":"914","volume-title":"Skin and soft tissue infections in hospitalized patients with diabetes: Culture isolates and risk factors associated with mortality, length of stay and cost","author":"Lipsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-68","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Diabetes mellitus","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-69","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Variation in antibiotic treatment for diabetic patients with serious foot infections: A retrospective observational study","author":"Fincke","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-70","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Therapeutic options for diabetic foot infections: a review with an emphasis on tissue penetration characteristics","author":"Nicolau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-71","first-page":"iii3","volume-title":"The treatment of diabetic foot infections","author":"Powlson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-72","first-page":"67S","volume-title":"Medical therapy of diabetic foot infections","author":"Joseph","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang WJ, Cai XY, Yang C, Zhou LN, Cai M, Lu XF, et al. Cervical necrotizing fasciitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;39-830-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2010.03.019"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-74","first-page":"E7","volume-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck: Report of two cases and literature review","author":"Oguz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-75","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Hospital epidemiology of emergent cervical necrotizing fasciitis","author":"Shaikh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0974-2700","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-76","first-page":"1051","volume-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","author":"Shimizu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-77","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Fournier\u2032s gangrene","author":"Tran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-78","first-page":"873","volume-title":"Fournier\u2032s gangrene.Descriptive analysis of 20 cases and literature review","author":"Montoya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Actas Urol Esp"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-79","first-page":"537","volume-title":"Malignant otitis externa","author":"Carfrae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-80","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: Report on eight cases","author":"Artal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-81","first-page":"355","volume-title":"An uncommon case of systemic mucormycosis associated with spinal cord infarction in a recently diagnosed diabetic","author":"Giuliani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-82","first-page":"134","volume-title":"Zigomicose","author":"Severo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-83","first-page":"1914","volume-title":"The endothelial cell receptor GRP78 is required for mucormycosis pathogenesis in diabetic mice","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-84","first-page":"1050","volume-title":"Pathogenic aspects of the periodontal disease associated to diabetes mellitus","author":"Alves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-85","first-page":"881","volume-title":"Relationship between periodontitis and diabetes - importance of a clinical study to prove the vicious cycle","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-86","first-page":"CD004714","volume-title":"Treatment of periodontal disease for glycaemic control in people with diabetes","author":"Simpson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-87","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Understanding diabetes in patients with HIV\/AIDS","author":"Kalra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-88","first-page":"342","volume-title":"Lipodystrophic syndrome in children and adolescents infected with the human immunodeficiency virus","author":"Alves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-89","first-page":"4056","volume-title":"Autoimmune diabetes in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy","author":"Takarabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2230-8210.94253-90","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Viral infections as potential trigger of type 1 diabetes","author":"Van","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:01:12Z","timestamp":1786633272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/2230-8210.94253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"alternative-id":["94253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.94253","relation":{},"ISSN":["2230-8210"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2230-8210","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}