{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:03:44Z","timestamp":1791644624882,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of host response in periodontitis pathogenesis is confirmed, and it is well established that immune response plays a major role in the alveolar bone destruction. In the investigation of these responses, the role of receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL)-osteoprotegerin (OPG) system is the most promising. Smoking can affect the RANKL-OPG system in a manner that will further enhance bone loss in periodontitis. The aim of this study is to assess the serum, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) concentration of RANKL and OPG in smoker versus nonsmoker untreated chronic periodontitis (CP) patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty-nine subjects were included in the present cross-sectional study: 29 systemically healthy CP male patients (15 smokers, 14 nonsmokers) and 10 systemically and periodontally healthy nonsmoker male subjects. Serum, GCF, and whole saliva samples were obtained from the subjects. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used for assaying the concentrations of RANKL and OPG in the samples. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the least significant difference (LSD)\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      test were utilized to compare differences between the groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      RANKL and OPG concentrations in saliva, serum, and GCF did not show any significant difference among all groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). Salivary RANKL\/OPG ratios were significantly higher in the nonsmoker CP group than in the healthy control group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05) but they were not statistically significant among smoker periodontitis patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The salivary RANKL\/OPG ratio was higher in nonsmokers with periodontitis in comparison with smoker periodontitis patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.180992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T05:56:45Z","timestamp":1461218205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Serum, saliva, and GCF concentration of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smokers versus nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Parichehr","family":"Behfarnia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Saied-Moallemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Public Health, Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaghayegh Haghjooy","family":"Javanmard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roohollah","family":"Naseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R1-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01682.x","article-title":"Working Group 2 of Seventh EuropeanWorkshop on Periodontology. 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