{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:27:13Z","timestamp":1786739233256,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various ginger compounds improve gastrointestinal problems and motion sickness. The main effects of ginger allocate to some phenolics such as gingerols and shogaols that act as their active agents. Chewing gums are among convenient dosage forms which patients prefer due to their advantages. Hence, this study tried to design, formulate, and evaluate ginger chewing gum of favorable taste and texture to avoid motion sickness and have gastro-protective and anti-oxidant effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dried ginger rhizomes were percolated to extract ginger compounds. Total phenolics were measured in 70% hydro-alcoholic extract of ginger by gallic and tannic acid standards using Folin\u2013Ciocalteu\u2019s reagent. Chewing gums containing 50 mg of concentrated extract were prepared. Content uniformity, weight variation, release pattern, organoleptic, and mechanical properties were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phenolic content was measured 61.50 \u00b1 5.27 mg\/g and 76.75 \u00b1 5.45 mg\/g of concentrated extract as gallic acid and tannic acid equivalents, respectively. Release pattern of formulations with different gum bases and sweeteners demonstrated almost 100% release of drug. Evaluation of organoleptic properties was on 10 healthy volunteers and later prepared formulations exhibited better characteristics. Formulations without any flavorants have higher acceptability. Evaluation of mechanical properties showed higher stiffness of F\n                      <jats:sub>15<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ginger chewing gum comprises admissible properties to be used as a modern drug delivery system due to its advantageous results in motion sickness. It passed all the specified tests for an acceptable chewing gum. Thus, it may be successfully produced to help GI problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.187011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T05:47:48Z","timestamp":1469512068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Design, formulation, and evaluation of ginger medicated chewing gum"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Aslani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Ghannadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farnaz","family":"Rostami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2531::AID-ART433>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis","volume":"44","author":"Altman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R3-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00164.2002","article-title":"Effects of ginger on motion sickness and gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias induced by circular vection","volume":"284","author":"Lien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"R4-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bja.a013442","article-title":"Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"84","author":"Ernst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R5-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2011.08.007","article-title":"Ginger to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: Evidence of effectiveness is not the same as proof of safety","volume":"18","author":"Tiran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"key":"R6-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.01.002","article-title":"[6]-Gingerol isolated from ginger attenuates sodium arsenite induced oxidative stress and plays a corrective role in improving insulin signaling in mice","volume":"210","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"R7-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(90)90037-T","article-title":"Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in migraine headache","volume":"29","author":"Mustafa","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"R8-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.60.10.0014","article-title":"Muscarinic, Ca(++) antagonist and specific butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of dried ginger extract might explain its use in dementia","volume":"60","author":"Ghayur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"R9-20251008","first-page":"15","article-title":"Anti-ulcerogenic effect of ginger (rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) hydroalcoholic extract on acetic acid-induced acute colitis in rats","volume":"3","author":"Minaiyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci"},{"key":"R10-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.11.002","article-title":"Cancer preventive properties of ginger: A brief review","volume":"45","author":"Shukla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"R11-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4324","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15064324","article-title":"Antioxidant activities, total phenolics and flavonoids content in two varieties of Malaysia young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)","volume":"15","author":"Ghasemzadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"R12-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11114539","article-title":"Synthesis of phenolics and flavonoids in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and their effects on photosynthesis rate","volume":"11","author":"Ghasemzadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R13-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2010.06.002","article-title":"Antioxidant and inhibitory effect of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) and white ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on Fe(2) induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro","volume":"64","author":"Oboh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"R14-20251008","first-page":"97","article-title":"Anti-ulcerogenic effect of ginger (rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on cystemine induced duodenal ulcer in rats","volume":"14","author":"Minaiyan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Daru J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"R15-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-4964(14)60011-X","article-title":"Protective effect of ginger volatile oil against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats: A light microscopic evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Rashidian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"R16-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.104395","article-title":"Directly compressible medicated chewing gum formulation for quick relief from common cold","volume":"2","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Investig"},{"key":"R17-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.085","article-title":"Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research","volume":"46","author":"Ali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"R18-20251008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Alternative medicine: Herbal drugs and their critical appraisal \u2013 Part II","volume":"57","author":"Kaul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog Drug Res"},{"key":"R19-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2004.07.009","article-title":"Zingiberis rhizoma: A comprehensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles","volume":"12","author":"Chrubasik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"R20-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.10.049","article-title":"Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: Binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum","volume":"530","author":"Windeck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R21-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.08.058","article-title":"An antifungal protein from ginger rhizomes","volume":"336","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"R22-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-009-1413-9","article-title":"Gingerol inhibits cisplatin-induced vomiting by down regulating 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and substance P expression in minks","volume":"32","author":"Qian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"R23-20251008","first-page":"1961","article-title":"Medicated chewing gum - A 21st century drug delivery system","volume":"2","author":"Gadhavi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Res"},{"key":"R24-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-409X(94)90028-0","article-title":"Chewing gum as a drug delivery system","volume":"13","author":"Rassing","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"R25-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411990100030901","article-title":"Chewing gum \u2013 Facts and fiction: A review of gum-chewing and oral health","volume":"10","author":"Imfeld","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"R26-20251008","first-page":"90","article-title":"Oral dosages form: Medicine containing chewimg gum: A review","volume":"2","author":"Asija","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Ther"},{"key":"R27-20251008","first-page":"66","article-title":"Medicated chewing gums-updated review","volume":"2","author":"Heema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Res Dev"},{"key":"R29-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.02.054","article-title":"Effects of chewing gum on the stress and work of university students","volume":"58","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"R32-20251008","first-page":"286","article-title":"Development, in-vitro evaluation and physical characterization of medicated chewing gum: Chlorhexidine gluconate","volume":"1","author":"Pandey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Der Pharmacia Lettre"},{"key":"R33-20251008","first-page":"47","article-title":"Design, formulation and evaluation of medicinal chewing gum by the extract of Salvadora persica L","volume":"10","author":"Aslani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci J"},{"key":"R34-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.100175","article-title":"Design, formulation and evaluation of nicotine chewing gum","volume":"1","author":"Aslani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"R35-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.135159","article-title":"Design, formulation and evaluation of green tea chewing gum","volume":"3","author":"Aslani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"R36-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.115806","article-title":"Design, formulation and evaluation of caffeine chewing gum","volume":"2","author":"Aslani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"R37-20251008","first-page":"001","article-title":"Chewing gum: A modern approach to oral mucosal drug delivery","volume":"4","author":"Sameja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Res Dev"},{"key":"R38-20251008","first-page":"150","article-title":"Medicated chewing gum: Modern approach to mucosal drug delivery","volume":"2","author":"Ughade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J Res Pharm Sci"},{"key":"R39-20251008","article-title":"Chewing GUM Composition, Publication date: 2010-08-26 Patent application number: 20100215799","author":"Cosgrove"},{"key":"R40-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3329\/icpj.v1i4.10064","article-title":"Medicated chewing gum: An unconventional drug delivery system","volume":"1","author":"Khatun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Curr Pharm J"},{"key":"R41-20251008","first-page":"103","article-title":"A study of the effects of Cydonia oblonga Miller (Quince) on TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis in rats","volume":"7","author":"Minaiyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci"},{"key":"R44-20251008","first-page":"368","article-title":"Separation of polyphenol rich fraction from dried ginger rhizomes","volume":"1","author":"Kubra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Chem"},{"key":"R45-20251008","first-page":"188","article-title":"Optimization of ginger (Zingiber officinale) phenolics extraction conditions and its antioxidant and radical scavenging activities using response surface methodology","volume":"5","author":"Kishk","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Dairy Food Sci"},{"key":"R46-20251008","first-page":"13","article-title":"RP-HPLC analysis of 6-gingerol and assessment of antioxidant activities in EMS treated ginger","volume":"2","author":"Pawar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Phytol"},{"key":"R47-20251008","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Pharmacological activity of Zingiber officinale","volume":"1","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Bio Sci"},{"key":"R48-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/10408391003698669","article-title":"Update on the chemopreventive effects of ginger and its phytochemicals","volume":"51","author":"Baliga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"R49-20251008","first-page":"182","article-title":"Formulation and characterization of medicated chewing gum delivery of diphenhydramine hydrochloride","volume":"2","author":"Mehta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Der Pharmacia Sinica"}],"container-title":["Advanced Biomedical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01679891-201605000-00130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:27:01Z","timestamp":1786735621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/2277-9175.187011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2277-9175.187011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2277-9175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2277-9175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-12-07","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-03","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}