{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:31:11Z","timestamp":1787776271043,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One of the main problems facing public health providers and administrators in many countries is ensuring the rational use of high-cost drugs. In this regard, on-going process of medication use evaluation can be considered as a useful tool. In this study, we evaluated certain usage aspects of a highly-cost medication, that is, recombinant growth hormone (GH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study conducted from August 2012 to August 2014. Children receiving GH \u00b1 gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs were included in the study. A researcher-designed checklist was developed to evaluate the GH utilization in these patients. Baseline demographic characteristics and background clinical and growth data, as well as any aspects of drug therapy including indications, dosing, monitoring, and discontinuation were collected from the patients' medical records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy children receiving GH entered the study, of which 23 patients (32.85%) received GH and GnRH analogs simultaneously. At the baseline, 67 children (95.7%) had GH stimulation test, whereas serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels were measured in 63 (90%) patients. Sixty-seven patients (95.71%) had thyroid function test, whereas bone age was determined in 68 children (97.14%). The mean \u00b1 standard deviation of GH dose for idiopathic short stature, GH deficiency, Turner's syndrome and born small for gestational age in our study was 0.22 \u00b1 0.025 mg\/kg\/week, 0.23 \u00b1 0.04 mg\/kg\/week, 0.22 \u00b1 0.015 mg\/kg\/week, and 0.23 \u00b1 0.02 mg\/kg\/week, respectively. Height and weight of all patients were followed every 3\u20136 months, regularly. Thirty patients were treated with GH for at least 1 year, of which thyroid hormones and IGF-1 levels were measured annually in 25 (83.33%) and 26 (86.66%) patients, respectively; while bone age was evaluated in 13 (43.33%) children, annually. GH treatment was discontinued in 15 patients (21.42%), while financial problem was the major reason.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnostic tests and monitoring of height, weight, IGF-1 level and thyroid function was properly performed in this setting. However, a number of patients with ISS and Turner's syndrome were under-dosed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/2279-042x.200989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]],"date-time":"2017-03-07T07:48:38Z","timestamp":1488872918000},"page":"40-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Growth Hormone Utilization Review in a Pediatric Primary Care Setting"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Sayarifard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Growth and Development Research Center, Children's Excellence Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fereshteh Bakhshi","family":"Imcheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirinsadat","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toktam","family":"Faghihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Qorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, karaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mania","family":"Radfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20250523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2010.05.012","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of somatropin for the treatment of short children born small for gestational age","volume":"32","author":"Christensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"R2-20250523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.12.014","article-title":"Ease of use and acceptability of a new pen device for the administration of growth hormone therapy in pediatric patients: An open-label, uncontrolled usability test","volume":"31","author":"Fuchs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"R3-20250523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2010.03.005","article-title":"Growth hormone use in children: Necessary or designer therapy?","volume":"25","author":"Ferguson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R4-20250523","first-page":"744","article-title":"Use of GnRH agonists in GH-deficient patients: Arguments for and against. The case for GnRH agonists in GH-deficient patients","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"key":"R5-20250523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.04.024","article-title":"A brief review of the addition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-Ag) to growth hormone (GH) treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: Previously published studies from America","volume":"254","author":"Reiter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"R6-20250523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.02.017","article-title":"Observations of nonadherence to recombinant human growth hormone therapy in clinical practice","volume":"30","author":"Haverkamp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"R7-20250523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16223","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016223","article-title":"Non-compliance with growth hormone treatment in children is common and impairs linear growth","volume":"6","author":"Cutfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R8-20250523","first-page":"3990","article-title":"Growth Hormone Research Society. 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