{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:31:42Z","timestamp":1787776302358,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Monkeypox (MPXV) is an emerging zoonotic disease carrying a global health threat. Using a multi-disciplinary approach, we review the current MPXV virus infection outbreak including virology, prevention, clinical presentation, and disaster management. MPXV is caused by a double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid virus. Despite its clinical similarities with smallpox, it is less severe with low mortality. Human-to-human transmission occurs through prolonged direct or close contact, or through blood, body fluids, or mucosal lesions. Risk groups include frontline health workers who care for MPXV patients, household members of an infected patient, and men who have sex with men. Skin lesions are usually, but not always, at the same stage. They may affect the face followed by the distal extremities with fewer lesions on the trunk (centrifugal distribution). Lesions may involve the mouth, genitalia, conjunctiva, and rectum. The majority of cases are mild. Nevertheless, the disease may have long-term effects on the skin, the neurological system, and the eye. Vaccination against MPXV is available but meanwhile should be limited to those who are at high risk. Those vaccinated against smallpox (usually older than 40 years) might be immune against MPXV. Infectious diseases are without borders. If proper action is not taken, there is considerable risk that MPXV will be entrenched worldwide. Our world has a delicate balance between animals, environment, and humans reflecting the need for a \u201cone globe, one health approach\u201d to address this risk. Following the principles of disaster management and using the lessons we have learned from the COVID-19 pandemic will reduce the impact of the MPXV outbreak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/2452-2473.366487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T06:08:51Z","timestamp":1679810931000},"page":"5-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Monkeypox: A current emergency global health threat"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mohamud","family":"Sheek-Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed R.","family":"Alsuwaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma A.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fikri M.","family":"Abu-Zidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Office, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","article-title":"A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Magnus","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"R3-20250525","first-page":"165","article-title":"Human monkeypox, 1970-79","volume":"58","author":"Breman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R4-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-013-0145-0","article-title":"Camelpox, an emerging orthopox viral disease","volume":"24","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Virol"},{"key":"R5-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.05.001","article-title":"Using participatory epidemiological techniques to estimate the relative incidence and impact on livelihoods of livestock diseases amongst nomadic pastoralists in Turkana South District, Kenya","volume":"90","author":"Bett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"R6-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.090235","article-title":"Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, France","volume":"15","author":"Ninove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2020.1743037","article-title":"Knowledge of human monkeypox viral infection among general practitioners: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia","volume":"114","author":"Harapan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"R9-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010141","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox \u2013 A potential threat? 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