{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:21:48Z","timestamp":1787761308152,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Circulatory shock is a common condition that carries high morbidity and mortality. This review aims to update the critical steps in managing common types of shock in adult patients admitted to medical emergency and intensive care units. A literature review was performed by searching PubMed, EMBASE Ovid, and Cochrane Library, using the following search items: (\u201cshock\u201d OR \u201ccirculatory shock\u201d OR \u201cseptic shock\u201d OR \u201ccardiogenic shock\u201d) AND (\u201cmanagement\u201d OR \u201ctreatment\u201d OR \u201cresuscitation\u201d). The review emphasizes prompt shock identification with tissue hypoperfusion, knowledge of the underlying pathophysiological mechanism, initial fluid resuscitation with balanced crystalloids, norepinephrine as the preferred vasopressor in septic and profound cardiogenic shock, and tailored intervention addressing specific etiologies. Point-of-care ultrasound may help evaluate an undifferentiated shock and determine fluid responsiveness. The approach to septic shock is improving; however, confirmatory studies are required for many existing (e.g., amount of initial fluids and steroids) and emerging (e.g., angiotensin II) therapies. Knowledge gaps and wide variations persist in managing cardiogenic shock that needs urgent addressing to improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/2452-2473.367400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T06:01:54Z","timestamp":1673244114000},"page":"139-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Circulatory shock in adults in emergency department"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Pannu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208943","article-title":"Circulatory shock","volume":"369","author":"Vincent","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R3-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11510","article-title":"Clinical review: Circulatory shock \u2013 An update: A tribute to Professor Max Harry Weil","volume":"16","author":"Vincent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R4-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1403-5","article-title":"The value of blood lactate kinetics in critically ill patients: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Vincent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R5-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R6-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03150150049010","article-title":"The \u201cVIP\u201d approach to the bedside management of shock","volume":"207","author":"Weil","year":"1969","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R7-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200912-1918OC","article-title":"Early lactate-guided therapy in Intensive Care Unit patients: A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial","volume":"182","author":"Jansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R8-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2019.08.009","article-title":"Lactate: Where are we now?","volume":"36","author":"Bakker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"R9-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.03.005","article-title":"Beyond mean arterial pressure and lactate: Perfusion end points for managing the shocked patient","volume":"37","author":"Hallisey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"R10-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307","article-title":"Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"345","author":"Rivers","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R11-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401602","article-title":"Arandomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock","volume":"370","author":"Yealy","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R12-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404380","article-title":"Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock","volume":"371","author":"Peake","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R13-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500896","article-title":"Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock","volume":"372","author":"Mouncey","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R14-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0652","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000652","article-title":"Oxygen targets during mechanical ventilation in the ICU: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Cumpstey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"R15-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1903297","article-title":"Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU","volume":"382","author":"Mackle","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R16-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.11993","article-title":"Effect of conservative versus conventional oxygen therapy on mortality among patients in an Intensive Care Unit: The oxygen-ICU randomized clinical trial","volume":"316","author":"Girardis","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R17-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000057","article-title":"Pharmacologic therapies for acute cardiogenic shock","volume":"29","author":"Nativi-Nicolau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"R18-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv051","article-title":"Management of cardiogenic shock","volume":"36","author":"Thiele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R19-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2017.08.009","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock","volume":"36","author":"Tewelde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin"},{"key":"R20-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208627","article-title":"Resuscitation fluids","volume":"369","author":"Myburgh","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R21-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-2-S1-S1","article-title":"Fluid management in critically ill patients: The role of extravascular lung water, abdominal hypertension, capillary leak, and fluid balance","volume":"2","author":"Cordemans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"R22-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1800449","article-title":"Patient-centered outcomes and resuscitation fluids","volume":"378","author":"Myburgh","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R23-4-20240909","first-page":"CD000567","article-title":"Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people","volume":"8","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R24-4-20240909","first-page":"84","article-title":"Albumin replacement in severe sepsis or septic shock","volume":"371","author":"Caironi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R25-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3794-1","article-title":"Fluid type and the use of renal replacement therapy in sepsis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Rochwerg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R26-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0398","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000398","article-title":"Comparison of balanced crystalloid solutions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"3","author":"Curran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"R27-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200110000-00004","article-title":"Normal saline versus lactated Ringer's solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: An outcome study","volume":"93","author":"Waters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R28-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200202000-00006","article-title":"Fluid resuscitation and hyperchloremic acidosis in experimental sepsis: Improved short-term survival and acid-base balance with Hextend compared with saline","volume":"30","author":"Kellum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R29-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.4.962","article-title":"Hyperchloremic acidosis increases circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis","volume":"130","author":"Kellum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R30-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318256be72","article-title":"A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte\u00ae148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers","volume":"256","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"R31-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.13356","article-title":"Association between a chloride-liberal versus chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults","volume":"308","author":"Yunos","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R32-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.12334","article-title":"Effect of a buffered crystalloid solution vs. saline on acute kidney injury among patients in the Intensive Care Unit: The SPLIT randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R33-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201607-1345OC","article-title":"Balanced crystalloids versus saline in the Intensive Care Unit. The SALT randomized trial","volume":"195","author":"Semler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R34-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1711584","article-title":"Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically Ill adults","volume":"378","author":"Semler","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R35-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31310-6","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis","volume":"396","author":"Boxhoorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R36-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12606","article-title":"Ringer's lactate versus normal saline in acute pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Iqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"R37-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2022.03.014","article-title":"Balanced electrolyte solutions versus isotonic saline in adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Catahay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"R38-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.11.031","article-title":"Crystalloids versus. Colloids for fluid resuscitation in the Intensive Care Unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"R39-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209759","article-title":"Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care","volume":"367","author":"Myburgh","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R40-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204242","article-title":"Hydroxyethyl starch 130\/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis","volume":"367","author":"Perner","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R41-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f839","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f839","article-title":"Hydroxyethyl starch 130\/0.38-0.45 versus crystalloid or albumin in patients with sepsis: Systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis","volume":"346","author":"Haase","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R42-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.04.011","article-title":"How safe is gelatin?A systematic review and meta-analysis of gelatin-containing plasma expanders versus crystalloids and albumin","volume":"35","author":"Moeller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"R43-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.032","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association institute guideline on initial management of acute pancreatitis","volume":"154","author":"Crockett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R44-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-9032","article-title":"Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Kitabchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R45-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03070-3","article-title":"Adrenal crises in adolescents and young adults","volume":"77","author":"Rushworth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"R48-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.12310","article-title":"Will this hemodynamically unstable patient respond to a bolus of intravenous fluids?","volume":"316","author":"Bentzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R49-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06151-x","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of hospital and ICU-treated sepsis: Results from an updated and expanded systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Fleischmann-Struzek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R50-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04056-3","article-title":"Fluid challenge in critically ill patients receiving haemodynamic monitoring: A systematic review and comparison of two decades","volume":"26","author":"Messina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R51-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000215453.11735.06","article-title":"Passive leg Raising predicts fluid responsiveness in the critically ill","volume":"34","author":"Monnet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R52-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1929-y","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of passive leg raising for prediction of fluid responsiveness in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies","volume":"36","author":"Cavallaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R53-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001556","article-title":"Predicting fluid responsiveness by passive leg raising: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 clinical trials","volume":"44","author":"Cherpanath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R54-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try007","article-title":"Haemodynamic assessment and support in sepsis and septic shock in resource-limited settings","volume":"111","author":"Misango","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R55-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1100-9","article-title":"Does inferior vena cava respiratory variability predict fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients?","volume":"19","author":"Airapetian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R56-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2259-8","article-title":"Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients","volume":"30","author":"Barbier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R57-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0473-5","article-title":"Predicting preload responsiveness using simultaneous recordings of inferior and superior vena cavae diameters","volume":"18","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R58-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.11.017","article-title":"COUNTERPOINT: Should acute fluid resuscitation be guided primarily by inferior vena cava ultrasound for patients in shock?No","volume":"151","author":"Kory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R59-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201604-0844OC","article-title":"Comparison of echocardiographic indices used to predict fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients","volume":"195","author":"Vignon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R60-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066617752308","article-title":"Accuracy of ultrasonographic measurements of inferior vena cava to determine fluid responsiveness: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Orso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R61-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2014.08.004","article-title":"Invasive hemodynamic monitoring","volume":"31","author":"Magder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"R62-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a25fd","article-title":"Does the central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness?An updated meta-analysis and a plea for some common sense","volume":"41","author":"Marik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R63-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4168-4","article-title":"Systematic review including re-analyses of 1148 individual data sets of central venous pressure as a predictor of fluid responsiveness","volume":"42","author":"Eskesen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R64-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.084","article-title":"Standardized team-based care for cardiogenic shock","volume":"73","author":"Tehrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R65-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28307","article-title":"Improved outcomes associated with the use of shock protocols: Updates from the national cardiogenic shock initiative","volume":"93","author":"Basir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"R66-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040654","article-title":"Shock team approach in refractory cardiogenic shock requiring short-term mechanical circulatory support: A proof of concept","volume":"140","author":"Taleb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R67-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.09.005","article-title":"Astandardized and comprehensive approach to the management of cardiogenic shock","volume":"8","author":"Tehrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"R68-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-022-01932-z","article-title":"Shock index as a predictor for mortality in trauma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Vang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"R69-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.07.011","article-title":"Age shock index, shock index, and modified shock index for predicting postintubation hypotension in the emergency department","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R70-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.29252\/beat-070103","article-title":"Shock index as a predictor of post-intubation hypotension and cardiac arrest;a review of the current evidence","volume":"7","author":"Althunayyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull Emerg Trauma"},{"key":"R71-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200008000-00007","article-title":"Effects of perfusion pressure on tissue perfusion in septic shock","volume":"28","author":"LeDoux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R72-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312173","article-title":"High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock","volume":"370","author":"Asfar","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R73-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13394","article-title":"Initiation of vasopressor infusions via peripheral versus central access in patients with early septic shock: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Delaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"key":"R74-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-03911-7","article-title":"Vasopressor choice and timing in vasodilatory shock","volume":"26","author":"Wieruszewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R75-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.10.023","article-title":"Predictors of dysrhythmias with norepinephrine use in septic shock","volume":"61","author":"Wieruszewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"R76-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0129305","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129305","article-title":"Vasopressors for the treatment of septic shock: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Avni","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R77-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61344-0","article-title":"Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: A randomised trial","volume":"370","author":"Annane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R78-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1219-0","article-title":"Acomparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients","volume":"34","author":"Myburgh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R79-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000063045.77339.B6","article-title":"Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine on the splanchnic circulation in septic shock: Which is best?","volume":"31","author":"De Backer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R80-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181ffe0eb","article-title":"Comparison of norepinephrine-dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and organ function variables in cardiogenic shock. A prospective, randomized pilot study","volume":"39","author":"Levy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R81-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907118","article-title":"Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock","volume":"362","author":"De Backer","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R82-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31823778ee","article-title":"Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: A meta-analysis*","volume":"40","author":"De","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R83-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.5.1122","article-title":"Vasopressin deficiency contributes to the vasodilation of septic shock","volume":"95","author":"Landry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R84-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.3.989","article-title":"Physiology of vasopressin relevant to management of septic shock","volume":"120","author":"Holmes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R85-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067373","article-title":"Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock","volume":"358","author":"Russell","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R86-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005317","article-title":"Association of catecholamine dose, lactate, and shock duration at vasopressin initiation with mortality in patients with septic shock","volume":"50","author":"Sacha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R87-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000059722.94182.79","article-title":"Ischemic skin lesions as a complication of continuous vasopressin infusion in catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock: Incidence and risk factors","volume":"31","author":"D\u00fcnser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R88-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14607","article-title":"Effect of Selepressin versus placebo on ventilator and vasopressor-free days in patients with septic shock: The SEPSIS-ACT randomized clinical trial","volume":"322","author":"Laterre","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R89-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5267-9","article-title":"Terlipressin versus norepinephrine as infusion in patients with septic shock: A multicentre, randomised, double-blinded trial","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R90-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.08.010","article-title":"The effect of vasoactive drugs on mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. A network meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"37","author":"Belletti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"R91-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.112.082313","article-title":"Differential phosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization of ?1A-adrenoceptors activated by norepinephrine and oxymetazoline","volume":"83","author":"Akinaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"R92-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0534-9","article-title":"Intravenous angiotensin II for the treatment of high-output shock (ATHOS trial): A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Chawla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R93-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704154","article-title":"Angiotensin II for the treatment of vasodilatory shock","volume":"377","author":"Khanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R94-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.08.2074","article-title":"Angiotensin II infusion for shock: A multicenter study of postmarketing use","volume":"159","author":"Wieruszewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R95-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2016.08.004","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock: Inotropes and vasopressors","volume":"35","author":"Amado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"key":"R96-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1387-1","article-title":"Current real-life use of vasopressors and inotropes in cardiogenic shock \u2013Adrenaline use is associated with excess organ injury and mortality","volume":"20","author":"Tarvasm\u00e4ki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R97-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.04.051","article-title":"Epinephrine versus norepinephrine for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"72","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R98-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.04.052","article-title":"Norepinephrine as a first-line inopressor in cardiogenic shock: Oversimplification or best practice?","volume":"72","author":"van Diepen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R99-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181af40e0","article-title":"Inotropic support during experimental endotoxemic shock: Part II. A comparison of levosimendan with dobutamine","volume":"109","author":"Cunha-Goncalves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R100-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000198107.61493.5A","article-title":"The effects of dobutamine on microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock are independent of its systemic effects","volume":"34","author":"De","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R101-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20170068","article-title":"The spectrum of cardiovascular effects of dobutamine from healthy subjects to septic shock patients","volume":"29","author":"Dubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"key":"R102-4-20240909","first-page":"III10","article-title":"Pharmacology of the bipyridines: Amrinone and milrinone","volume":"73","author":"Alousi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R103-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2014.03.001","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock","volume":"30","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"R104-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609409","article-title":"Levosimendan for the prevention of acute organ dysfunction in sepsis","volume":"375","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R105-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2014.07.003","article-title":"Shock","volume":"32","author":"Wacker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"R106-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2009.09.010","article-title":"The RUSH exam: Rapid ultrasound in shock in the evaluation of the critically lll","volume":"28","author":"Perera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"R107-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.04.002","article-title":"Does point-of-care ultrasonography improve clinical outcomes in emergency department patients with undifferentiated hypotension?An international randomized controlled trial from the SHoC-ED investigators","volume":"72","author":"Atkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"R108-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2378-9","article-title":"Optimization of the treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients-guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9Fran\u00e7aise de Pharmacologie et Th\u00e9rapeutique-SFPT) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9Fran\u00e7aise d'Anesth\u00e9sie et R\u00e9animation-SFAR)","volume":"23","author":"Guilhaumou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R109-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705716","article-title":"Hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone for adults with septic shock","volume":"378","author":"Annane","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R110-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705835","article-title":"Adjunctive glucocorticoid therapy in patients with septic shock","volume":"378","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R111-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.5849","article-title":"Association of corticosteroid treatment with outcomes in adult patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"179","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"R112-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15032","article-title":"EAACI guidelines: Anaphylaxis (2021 update)","volume":"77","author":"Muraro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R113-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2021.08.004","article-title":"Anaphylaxis: Emergency department treatment","volume":"40","author":"McHugh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"R114-4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1705649","article-title":"Hemorrhagic shock","volume":"378","author":"Cannon","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/2452-2473.367400","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:32:07Z","timestamp":1787758327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/2452-2473.367400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2452-2473.367400","relation":{},"ISSN":["2452-2473"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2452-2473","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}}}