{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:20:49Z","timestamp":1787761249912,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading global cause of mortality, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. Rural India is experiencing rising CVD risk factors, but high-quality community data are limited. This study assessed the prevalence, clustering, and predictors of CVD risk factors in rural South India using the WHO STEPS approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A community-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 979 adults aged 25\u201364 years from 20 randomly selected villages in Kolar district, Karnataka (2012). Standardized questionnaires, anthropometry, blood pressure, and biochemical measures (fasting glucose and cholesterol in a subsample,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 260) were obtained. Prevalence estimates were reported as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      (%). Logistic regression identified predictors of hypertension.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tobacco use was reported by 450 (46.0%) participants, alcohol use by 85 (8.7%) participants, low fruit\/vegetable intake by 967 (98.8%) participants, and physical inactivity by 451 (46.1%) participants. Hypertension was present in 214 (21.9%) participants, overweight\/obesity in 317 (32.4%) participants, and known diabetes in 30 (3.1%) participants. In the subsample, 25 (9.6%) participants had fasting glucose \u2265126 mg\/dL, and 9 (3.5%) participants had hypercholesterolemia. Clustering was marked: 802 (82%) participants had \u22651 risk factor, 490 (50%) participants had \u22652, and 245 (25%) participants had \u22653, with clustering more common among men. On multivariate regression, tobacco use (odds ratio [OR]: 1.55; 95% confidence interval: 1.12\u20132.14;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01) was independently associated with hypertension, whereas obesity showed a positive nonsignificant trend (OR: 1.30;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.11).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults in rural South India exhibit a high burden and clustering of modifiable CVD risk factors, with tobacco use and obesity contributing significantly to hypertension. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated community-based prevention strategies targeting multiple risk factors simultaneously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_107_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T07:00:15Z","timestamp":1780902015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Adults of Mulbagal in Rural South India: A Cross-sectional Study Using the WHO STEPS Approach"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"Achal","family":"Shetty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. G.","family":"Ranganath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineetha V.","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OBG, KMC, Mangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Rangareddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Haveri Institute of Medical Sciences, Haveri, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"container-title":["Annals of African Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_107_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:28:37Z","timestamp":1787758117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_107_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aam.aam_107_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1596-3519","0975-5764"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1596-3519","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-5764","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-01","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-22","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}