{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:26:12Z","timestamp":1787775972085,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Traditional markers such as serum creatinine and albuminuria have limited sensitivity in early disease stages. Cystatin C and renal resistive index (RRI) are emerging as sensitive early indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of serum cystatin C and RRI in the early detection of renal dysfunction in T2DM patients and to evaluate their correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study involving 100 patients with T2DM was conducted. Serum cystatin C, serum creatinine, urine albumin, and eGFR (using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine\u2013cystatin equation) were measured. Doppler ultrasonography was used to determine RRI. Pearson\u2019s correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Elevated cystatin C levels were seen in 91% of subjects, whereas only 63% had abnormal serum creatinine. RRI was raised in 62% of patients. eGFR correlated negatively with UACR (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.998), serum creatinine (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.881), RRI (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.712), and cystatin C (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.552). UACR and RRI were significant predictors of eGFR in multivariate analysis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.030, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cystatin C and RRI provide early insights into renal dysfunction in T2DM and should be integrated with existing diagnostic parameters for improved DKD screening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_124_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T15:05:46Z","timestamp":1754319946000},"page":"424-430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Study of Cystatin C and Renal Resistive Index in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients to Detect Early Diabetic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Madhulika L.","family":"Mahashabde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishikesh Sunilsingh","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Krishna Reddy","family":"Paidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Jugal","family":"Sriram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Dr. D. Y. 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