{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:58:22Z","timestamp":1785261502300,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a multifactorial reproductive disorder affecting 1%\u20132% of couples globally, with up to 50% of cases remaining idiopathic. Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), a mucosal protective peptide expressed in the endometrium during the implantation window, supports epithelial repair and mucus production essential for successful pregnancy. Genetic variants in TFF3 have been implicated in idiopathic RSA in some populations, but data from Indian cohorts are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n The aim is to evaluate the prevalence of RSA in a North Indian population and investigate associations between TFF3 gene polymorphisms (rs225439 G\/A and rs7743614 G\/C) and RSA risk, adjusting for maternal age.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This case\u2013control study included 50 women with RSA (\u22652 consecutive spontaneous abortions, 5\u201321 weeks of gestation) and 50 age-matched healthy controls recruited from Queen Mary\u2019s Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , King George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and genotyped for rs225439 and rs7743614 using TaqMan assays, with results validated by Sanger sequencing. Genotype distributions were tested for Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium. Associations were assessed using Chi-square tests, unadjusted odds ratios (OR), and age-adjusted logistic regression. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v23 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05 significant).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Mean age was comparable between cases (28.80 \u00b1 4.55 years) and controls (27.84 \u00b1 4.06 years;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.268), while mean abortions were significantly higher in cases (2.74 \u00b1 0.80 vs. 1.92 \u00b1 0.72;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Genotype frequencies for rs225439 (GG\/GA\/AA) and rs7743614 (GG\/GC\/CC) did not differ significantly between groups (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.05). Univariate ORs were nonsignificant; the highest adjusted OR was for rs225439 GA (OR = 5.64, 95% confidence interval: 0.63\u201350.70;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.123). Age-adjusted logistic regression confirmed no significant association for either single nucleotide polymorphism or age (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n No significant association was found between TFF3 polymorphisms rs225439 and rs7743614 and RSA in this North Indian cohort. Larger, multi-centric studies with haplotype analysis and functional validation are needed to clarify the role of TFF3 in idiopathic RSA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_186_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:00:10Z","timestamp":1785258010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of Trefoil Factor 3 Gene Polymorphisms with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion in a North Indian Population: A Case\u2013control Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology King George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitu","family":"Nigam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Centre for Advanced Research ( CFAR ), King George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal Health Expert , State Transformation Commission,Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Centre for Advanced Research ( CFAR ), King George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namrata","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology King George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchica","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smriti","family":"Bag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rani Durgavati Medical College, Banda, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujata","family":"Deo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology King George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"container-title":["Annals of African Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_186_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:00:10Z","timestamp":1785258010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_186_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aam.aam_186_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1596-3519","0975-5764"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1596-3519","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-5764","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-21","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}