{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:26:53Z","timestamp":1786728413804,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Understanding the impact of malnutrition on innate immune response in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-infected subjects is critical for malaria control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aims to investigate the nutritional status and innate immune response of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected subjects in Lagos, Nigeria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1183 patients with a history of fever or axillary temperature \u226537\u00b0C were screened microscopically for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                      at Ijede General Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Malnutrition was determined according to the U.S National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) as stunting, wasting, or underweight when the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score is &lt;\u22122 in the participants aged &lt;20 years. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), and IL-12 were determined by capture ELISA while hematological parameters were measured using an automated hematology system.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 384 volunteers were positive for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                      , of which 114 were &lt;20 years with a median age of 10 years. Overall malaria prevalence was 20.89%. The malnutrition rate was 89.5%; 24 (21.05%) were stunted, 30 (26.32%) were underweight, and 48 (42.11%) were wasted. Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses were not affected by the type of malaria. TNF-\u03b1 was higher in participants &lt;5 years (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) and in malnourished patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Together, it could be deduced that nutritional status influences\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      malaria outcomes and progression pattern.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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