{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:59:22Z","timestamp":1790067562977,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Palmyra palm sprout skin was extracted using ethanol to test its antibacterial activity against isolated urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogenic bacteria. The extract demonstrated excellent inhibitory activity at the concentration of 500 \u00b5l\/well. It was observed that all the isolated UTI-causing bacteria were highly resistant to selected commercially available antibiotics. The ethanol extract of the palmyra palm sprout skin showed excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antiproliferative activities. Before boiling the Panam kilangu, the sprout skin is usually peeled from it and thrown away as it is considered of no use. However, our study demonstrates a waste-to-wealth based alternative use for the palmyra palm sprout skin. Based on studies, these by-products could be used as a source of valuable bioactive compounds. It showed excellent inhibitory activity at the concentration of 500 \u00b5g\/well against UTI bacteria. It also showed to possess various secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, saponins, etc. Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometer analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive metabolites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_231_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T10:00:08Z","timestamp":1766397608000},"page":"1642-1649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactivity of Ethanolic Extract of Borassus flabellifer Sprout Peel and Its Phytochemical Analysis: An In vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Abirami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kamaraj College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony V.","family":"Samrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia, Melaka, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Yamuna","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kamaraj College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Samraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, St. John\u2019s College, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mahesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kamaraj College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Kalpana","family":"Shree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Alabsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Management and Science University, University Drive, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1825","article-title":"Clinical and demographic factors associated with urinary tract infection in young febrile infants","volume":"116","author":"Zorc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R2-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691210","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.691210","article-title":"Recurrent urinary tract infection: A mystery in search of better model systems","volume":"11","author":"Murray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"R3-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1086\/383029","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adult patients","volume":"38","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R4-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.01.028","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in women","volume":"156","author":"Salvatore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"R5-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(98)90173-6","article-title":"Prevalence of nosocomial infections in representative German hospitals","volume":"38","author":"Gastmeier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"R6-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Flores-Mireles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"R7-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.17352\/aur.000019","article-title":"Western herbal remedies for urinary tract infections","volume":"4","author":"Abdulridha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Urol Res"},{"key":"R8-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610410001645479","article-title":"Microbial isolates and antibiogram from endocervical swabs of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"24","author":"Audu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R9-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1159\/000049813","article-title":"Current microbiological and clinical aspects of urinary tract infections","volume":"40","author":"Bonadio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"R10-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.9734\/air\/2020\/v21i930229","article-title":"Potential review on palmyra (Borassus flabellifer L)","volume":"21","author":"Krishnaveni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Res"},{"key":"R12-20260922","first-page":"17","article-title":"A review on palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer)","volume":"8","author":"Gummadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Curr Pharm Res"},{"key":"R13-20260922","first-page":"1","article-title":"Glory of palm trees","volume":"42","author":"Krishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kerala Calling"},{"key":"R14-20260922","first-page":"1486","article-title":"Borassus flabellifer L.: A tree behind the forest with multiple uses in rural areas: A case study from Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India","volume":"3","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Imperial J Interdisp Res"},{"key":"R15-20260922","first-page":"1","article-title":"Borassus flabellifer fruit versatile pharmaceutical application: An overview","volume":"3","author":"Shirisha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Med Pharm Sci"},{"key":"R16-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60147a030","article-title":"Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"1959","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"R17-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4019","article-title":"Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of Vitamin E","volume":"269","author":"Prieto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"R18-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"R21-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00282-X","article-title":"The impact of resistance on the management of urinary tract infections","volume":"16","author":"Sefton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R22-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00306.x","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in Norway: Bacterial etiology and susceptibility. A retrospective study of clinical isolates","volume":"7","author":"Grude","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R23-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5010013","article-title":"Novel strategies in the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections","volume":"5","author":"L\u00fcthje","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"R24-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60198-3","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Jasminum humile leaves","volume":"4","author":"Nain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"R25-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2010.04.003","article-title":"Antimycobacterial, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the methanol extract and compounds from Thecacoris annobonae (Euphorbiaceae)","volume":"76","author":"Kuete","year":"2010","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"R26-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v35i4.1317","article-title":"A preliminary study on the effects of an antibacterial steroidal saponin from Borassus flabellifer Linn. fruit on wound healing","volume":"35","author":"Keerthi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Natn Sci Found Sri Lanka"},{"key":"R27-20260922","first-page":"517","article-title":"Preliminary studies on in vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of tender seed coat aqueous crude extract of Borassus flabellifer Linn","volume":"3","author":"Duddukuri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J Biochem Pharm Res"},{"key":"R28-20260922","first-page":"18","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility profiles of otomycosis etiological agents in Ahvaz, Iran","volume":"6","author":"Gharaghani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Med Mycol"},{"key":"R29-20260922","first-page":"555","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant potential of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Ardisia solanacea Roxb leaf","volume":"6","author":"Chandran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharm Res"},{"key":"R30-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2012.34.4","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Clausena excavata Burm f (Rutaceae) using the lipid peroxidation model","volume":"4","author":"Guntupalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phcog J"},{"key":"R31-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.03.014","article-title":"\u03b3-sitosterol from Acacia nilotica L. induces G2\/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through c-Myc suppression in MCF-7 and A549 cells","volume":"141","author":"Sundarraj","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"R32-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-66.10.1811","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of phenolic benzaldehydes and benzoic acids against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica","volume":"66","author":"Friedman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"R33-20260922","first-page":"818","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of bioactive components of Hugonia mystax L","volume":"4","author":"Rajeswari","year":"2013","journal-title":"(Linaceae). Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"R34-20260922","first-page":"4070","article-title":"GC-MS analysis for bioactive compounds in the methanolic leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata L","volume":"5","author":"Jamuna","year":"2013","journal-title":"(Asteraceae). Int J Res"},{"key":"R35-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.05.025","article-title":"Antidiabetic activity of \u03b3-sitosterol isolated from Lippia nodiflora L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"667","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R36-20260922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2011.10.007","article-title":"Molecular docking of \u03b3-sitosterol with some targets related to diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"}],"container-title":["Annals of African Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_231_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:00:44Z","timestamp":1790064044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_231_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aam.aam_231_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1596-3519","0975-5764"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1596-3519","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-5764","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-07","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-15","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}