{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:49:46Z","timestamp":1786718986253,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Afr Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_32_17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T01:27:56Z","timestamp":1520904476000},"page":"49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Nanotechnology and the future of condoms in the prevention of sexually transmitted infections"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"ClarenceS","family":"Yah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GeoffreyS","family":"Simate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Percy","family":"Hlangothi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BeneshM","family":"Somai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. The Gap Report. Geneva: UNAIDS; September, 2014."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-2","first-page":"S115","volume-title":"HIV prevention: Great achievements, more challenges ahead","author":"El-Sadr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-3","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Update on male circumcision: Prevention success and challenges ahead","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-4","unstructured":"Global Campaign for Microbicides; 2014. Available from: http:\/\/www.global-campaignorg. [Last accessed on 2015 Jun 15]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-5","first-page":"561","volume-title":"VivaGel (SPL7013 gel): A candidate dendrimer \u2013 Microbicide for the prevention of HIV and HSV infection","author":"Rupp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-6","first-page":"519","volume-title":"Male circumcision and risk of HIV acquisition among MSM","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doerner R, McKeown E, Nelson S, Anderson J, Low N, Elford J, et al. Circumcision and HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Britain: The insertive sexual role. Arch Sex Behav 2013;42:1319-26.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-0061-1"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-8","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Impact of telemonitoring approaches on integrated HIV and TB diagnosis and treatment interventions in sub-saharan Africa: A scoping review","author":"Yah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Promot Perspect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-9","first-page":"e55","volume-title":"Sibanye methods for prevention packages program project protocol: Pilot study of HIV prevention interventions for men who have sex with men in South Africa","author":"McNaghten","year":"2014","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-10","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Failure to embrace the barrier\/condom use message","author":"Griffin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-11","first-page":"CD003255","volume-title":"Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission","author":"Weller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-12","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Simple but powerful health messages for increasing condom use in young adults","author":"Garcia-Retamero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantell JE, Smit JA, Beksinska M, Scorgie F, Milford C, Balch E, et al. Everywhere you go, everyone is saying condom, condom. But are they being used consistently? Reflections of South African male students about male and female condom use. Health Educ Res 2011;26:859-71.","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyr041"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-14","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Condom use among young African American men: Implications for planning interventions","author":"Adefuye","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Dispar Res Pract"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-15","first-page":"5007","volume-title":"Inactivation of microbial infectiousness by silver nanoparticles-coated condom: A new approach to inhibit HIV- and HSV-transmitted infection","author":"Mohammed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-16","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of non latex condom: Results from a randomized, controlled clinical trial","author":"Walsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-17","first-page":"1388","volume-title":"Silver nanoparticles in therapeutics: Development of an antimicrobial gel formulation for topical use","author":"Jain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-18","first-page":"S145","volume-title":"PEPFAR's evolving HIV prevention approaches for key populations \u2013 People who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and sex workers: Progress, challenges, and opportunities","author":"Needle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-19","first-page":"248","volume-title":"Single-pill combination regimens for treatment of HIV-1 infection","author":"Gandhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-20","unstructured":"AIDSinfo. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection. AIDSinfo 3\/16\/2015. Available: http:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/guidelines [Last assessed on 2015 Oct 12]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-21","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Mineral oil lubricants cause rapid deterioration of latex condoms","author":"Voeller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-22","first-page":"573","volume-title":"Vaginal practices: Eroticism and implications for women's health and condom use in Mozambique","author":"Bagnol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-23","first-page":"264","volume-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-24","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Condoms and STDs Fact Sheet for Public Health Personnel. Atlanta, GA: Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011. Available from: http:\/\/www.cdcgov\/condomeffectiveness\/latexhtm. [Last accessed on 2015 Mar 12]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-25","unstructured":"Workowskin KA, Berman SM. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2006. Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention; 2006."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-26","first-page":"613","volume-title":"Nonoxynol-9 spermicide for prevention of vaginally acquired HIV and other sexually transmitted infections: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including more than 5000 women","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-27","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Incidence of acute urinary tract infection in young women and use of male condoms with and without nonoxynol-9 spermicides","author":"Handley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-28","first-page":"702","volume-title":"Correlates of African American college students' condom use to prevent pregnancy, STDs, or both outcomes","author":"Whaley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-29","first-page":"CD003550","volume-title":"Non-latex versus latex male condoms for contraception","author":"Gallo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-30","unstructured":"Staab RS, Allendale NJ. Condoms for Beneficial Agents Delivery US Patent No 20070175484 A1; 2007."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-31","first-page":"910","volume-title":"Male contraception","author":"Mathew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-32","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Unsafe condoms and other unsafe sex accessories","author":"Ditmore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-33","unstructured":"Kemp CA, Hampshire GB. Condom with an Erectogenic Composition Patent No 6,840,244; 2015."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-34","unstructured":"Kiser PF. A Molecular Condom Against AIDS 2006. Available from: http:\/\/www.unewsutahedu\/p\/?r=111706\u20132,1\u20133. [Last accessed on 2015 May 24]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-35","unstructured":"Hearst N, Chen S. Condoms for AIDS Prevention in the Developing World: A Review of the Scientific Literature University of California; 2003."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-36","first-page":"1303","volume-title":"Effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV transmission","author":"Pinkerton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-37","first-page":"454","volume-title":"Effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted infections","author":"Holmes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-38","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Comparative contraceptive efficacy of the female condom and other barrier methods","author":"Trussell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-39","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Breakage and acceptability of a polyurethane condom: A randomized, controlled study","author":"Frezieres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-40","first-page":"467","volume-title":"Correlates of condom breakage and slippage among university undergraduates","author":"Yarber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-41","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients","author":"Sparrow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-42","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Use of unsafe condoms and unsafe use of good condoms","author":"Jayawardena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-43","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Evaluation of the validity of the condom use self-efficacy scale (CUSES) in young men using two behavioral simulations","author":"Forsyth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-44","unstructured":"Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010. Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Atlanta, GA 30333; 2010."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-45","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Behavioral risk for HIV infection among adults with a severe and persistent mental illness: Patterns and psychological antecedents","author":"Carey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-46","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Virus leakage through natural membrane condoms","author":"Lytle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-47","first-page":"315","volume-title":"How well do male latex condoms work.Pregnancy outcome during one menstrual cycle of use?","author":"Steiner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-48","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of a polyurethane condom: Results from a randomized, controlled clinical trial","author":"Frezieres","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-49","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Study of condom integrity after brief exposure to over-the-counter vaginal preparations","author":"Rosen","year":"1999","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-50","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Use-effectiveness of the female versus male condom in preventing sexually transmitted disease in women","author":"French","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-51","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Evaluation of the virus permeability of a new condom for women","author":"Drew","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-52","first-page":"354","volume-title":"Efficacy of a combined contraceptive regimen consisting of condoms and emergency contraception pills","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-53","first-page":"43","volume-title":"TPE condoms impervious to ozone levels that damage NR latex condoms","author":"Legge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rubber World"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-54","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Measurement of natural rubber latex allergen levels in medical gloves by allergen-specific IgE-ELISA inhibition, RAST inhibition, and skin prick test","author":"Palosuo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-55","first-page":"230","volume-title":"Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use","author":"Carey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-56","first-page":"918","volume-title":"Patterns of reasoning and decision making about condom use by urban college students","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-57","first-page":"62","volume-title":"Nanotechnology applications to HIV vaccines and microbicides","author":"Boyapalle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-58","first-page":"352425","volume-title":"Microbicides for the treatment of sexually transmitted HIV infections","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharm (Cairo)"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-59","first-page":"1227","volume-title":"Shifts in condom use following microbicide introduction: Should we be concerned?","author":"Foss","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-60","first-page":"387","volume-title":"Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2012 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA panel","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-61","unstructured":"Williams BG, Dye C. Put Your Money Where Your Model Is: ART for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV\/AIDS CROI: 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections San Francisco, United States of America; 2010."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-62","unstructured":"Williams BG, Gouws E. R0 and the elimination of HIV in Africa: Will 90-90-90 be sufficient? 2013;arXiv:13043720. Available from: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/ftp\/arxiv\/papers\/1304\/1304.3720.pdf. [Last accessed on 2015 Nov 14]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-63","unstructured":"UNAIDS 90-90-90: An Ambitious Treatment Target To Help End the AIDS Epidemic UNAIDS; 2014. Available from: http:\/\/www.unaidsorg\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/90-90-90_en_0pdf. [Last accessed on 2015 Mar 12]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-64","first-page":"410","volume-title":"Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2014 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA panel","author":"G\u00fcnthard","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charania MR, Marshall KJ, Lyles CM, Crepaz N, Kay LS, Koenig LJ, et al. Identification of evidence-based interventions for promoting HIV medication adherence: Findings from a systematic review of U.S.-based studies, 1996-2011. AIDS Behav 2014;18:646-60.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0594-x"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-66","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Antiretroviral Treatment as Prevention (TasP) of HIV and TB: 2012 Update WHO\/HIV\/201212. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-67","first-page":"1443","volume-title":"Common adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV disease","author":"Reust","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-68","first-page":"e27463","volume-title":"Early antiretroviral therapy during primary HIV-1 infection results in a transient reduction of the viral setpoint upon treatment interruption","author":"Wyl","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-69","first-page":"1169","volume-title":"Long-term antiretroviral therapy initiated during primary HIV-1 infection is key to achieving both low HIV reservoirs and normal T cell counts","author":"Hocqueloux","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-70","first-page":"1397","volume-title":"Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Attia","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-71","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Technologies for HIV prevention and care: Challenges for health services","author":"Maksud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-72","first-page":"ofv126","volume-title":"Integrating antiretroviral strategies for human immunodeficiency virus prevention: Post- and pre-exposure prophylaxis and early treatment","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-73","first-page":"553","volume-title":"Synthesis of nanoparticles for biomedical applications","author":"Blanco-Andujar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rep Prog Chem Sect A"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-74","first-page":"146","volume-title":"The use of carbon nanotubes in medical applications \u2013 Is it a success story?","author":"Simate","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup Med Health Aff"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-75","first-page":"ID 165257","volume-title":"Preparation of silver nanoparticles and their industrial and biomedical applications: A comprehensive review","author":"Haider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Mater Sci Eng"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-76","first-page":"3946","volume-title":"Antimicrobial activity of chitosan-carbon nanotube hydrogels","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-77","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Analysis of mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites using continuum mechanics approach","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Mater Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-78","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized iron and silver Nanoparticles using the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Actinomycetes sp on human pathogens","author":"Sunitha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Biomed Eng"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-79","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Investigation of antimicrobial activity of photothermal therapeutic gold\/copper sulfide core\/shell nanoparticles to bacterial spores and cells","author":"Addae","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Eng"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-80","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1","author":"Lara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-81","first-page":"1536","volume-title":"Silver nanoparticles delivery system based on natural rubber latex membranes","author":"Guidelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nanopart Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-82","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Topical delivery of silver nanoparticles promotes wound healing","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-83","first-page":"764","volume-title":"Increased vascular permeability, angiogenesis and wound healing induced by the serum of natural latex of the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis","author":"Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-84","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Barrier integrity of punctured gloves: NR superior to vinyl and nitrile","author":"Hasma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rubb Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1596-3519.227177-85","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Nanoparticles as potential new generation broad spectrum antimicrobial agents","author":"Yah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Daru"}],"container-title":["Annals of African Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:42:24Z","timestamp":1786714944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_32_17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"alternative-id":["227177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aam.aam_32_17","relation":{},"ISSN":["1596-3519"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1596-3519","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}