{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T06:14:01Z","timestamp":1784787241878,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To analyze the relationship between\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CTLA-4<\/jats:italic>\n                      (+49A\/G) polymorphism and pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The observational case\u2013control study was done for 18 months in 44 children (1\u201316 years of age), 22 of whom had T1DM and 22 controls, were included.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CTLA-4<\/jats:italic>\n                      (+49A\/G) gene polymorphism was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and validated by Sanger sequencing. Various clinical, anthropometric, and biochemistry variables were documented.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The cases and controls were similar in terms of age, gender distribution, family history of diabetes, and consanguinity. The average hemoglobin A1c values were higher in case groups compared to controls (12.41% \u00b13.09% vs. 4.21 \u00b1 0.5%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CTLA4<\/jats:italic>\n                      (+49A\/G) gene showed higher frequencies of the G\/G genotype in cases compared to controls (54.55% vs. 22.73%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.030), whereas A\/A was found to be higher in controls (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.014). The frequency of the G allele in cases (0.66) was higher than in controls (0.32). The G\/G genotype showed higher prevalence in the case group at a younger age, and siblings of offspring showed clustering of the G\/G genotype.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In particular, the G\/G genotype of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CTLA-4 +<\/jats:italic>\n                      49A\/G polymorphism was found to be significantly associated with T1DM in children and to influence the age of onset.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_368_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T06:00:21Z","timestamp":1784786421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CTLA-4 Gene Polymorphism in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"Thammineni","family":"Aniketh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Hospital and Research Center, BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghavendra","family":"Gobbur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Hospital and Research Center, BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurushantappa S.","family":"Kadakol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Genetics Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"container-title":["Annals of African Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_368_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T06:00:22Z","timestamp":1784786422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_368_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aam.aam_368_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1596-3519","0975-5764"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1596-3519","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-5764","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-03","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-08","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}