{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:23:18Z","timestamp":1787768598204,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n \n Dental caries affects both primary and permanent dentitions. This study was done to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of\n Solanum<\/jats:italic>\n t\n rilobatum<\/jats:italic>\n (fruit) amla silver nanoparticle (AgNP) varnish, sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish, and silver diamine fluoride (SDF) against\n streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n in the prevention of dental caries.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n In this\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n investigation, 48 dentine blocks coated with saliva, obtained from extracted primary molars exhibiting deep carious lesions, were inoculated with a monospecies biofilm of\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n mutans<\/jats:italic>\n . These biofilms were nourished with 10% sucrose-enriched brain\u2013heart infusion broth, administered four times daily over a 7-day period. Following the biofilm maturation phase, the dentine blocks were divided into four groups (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 12 each) and treated with one of the following test agents: Group A was treated with 38% SDF, Group B received 5% NaF varnish, Group C was treated with amla silver nanoparticle fluoride (ASNF), and Group D was treated with\n S. trilobatum<\/jats:italic>\n (fruit) AgNP varnish. Postapplication, the samples underwent at 48-h incubation for 37\u00baC, after that assessments were conducted to measure the zones of inhibition produced by each treatment agents.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n After being treated with SDF and the AgNP varnish product,\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n mutans<\/jats:italic>\n count was drastically reduced (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Conversely, SDF indicated maximum antibacterial action followed by amla AgNP varnish and least with NaF varnish (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Herbal AgNP varnish antibacterial activity is equally effective and can be proposed to use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_449_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:00:15Z","timestamp":1769760015000},"page":"796-800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sodium Fluoride Varnish, Silver Diamine Fluoride, and Herbal (Solanum trilobatum [fruit] and amla) Silver Nanoparticle Varnish Antibacterial Activity against Streptococcus mutans"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hammam Ahmed","family":"Bahammam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antarmayee","family":"Panigrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT (Deemed to be) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saswat Satyabrata","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odiasha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mushir","family":"Mulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Al-Qassim , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munaz","family":"Mulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajid Ahmed","family":"Sanadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Consultant, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Babaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Sharavathi Dental College, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Saidath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, NITTE (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, 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