{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T09:41:59Z","timestamp":1792575719743,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumor organoids and pharmacogenetic profiling represent two rapidly advancing tools in precision oncology. Organoids provide physiologically relevant three-dimensional models that retain the genomic, architectural and functional features of patient tumors, enabling high-fidelity drug testing. In parallel, germline pharmacogenetic variation significantly influences chemotherapy metabolism, efficacy and toxicity, particularly in breast cancer. Integrating these approaches offers a powerful framework for individualized therapy selection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative review methodology was used to synthesize recent evidence (2006\u20132025) from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect. Eligible studies included original research on tumor organoid engineering, microenvironmental modelling, drug-response profiling, vascular and immune co-culture systems, and pharmacogenetic determinants of chemotherapy response. Findings were organized thematically across domains of organoid fidelity, microenvironment reconstruction, drug-response prediction, and clinically relevant pharmacogenetic variants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Organoid studies demonstrated high establishment rates, preservation of tumor heterogeneity and improved modeling of stromal, vascular and immune components. Drug-response patterns in organoids correlated strongly with patient outcomes, supporting their role in personalized therapeutic stratification. Parallel evidence shows that key pharmacogenetic variants, including ABCB1, ABCG2 and CBR3 for anthracyclines; CYP2B6 and ALDH1A1 for cyclophosphamide; CYP2C8, CYP3A4 and TUBB2A for taxanes; DPYD and TYMS for fluoropyrimidines; ERCC1 and XRCC1 for platinum agents; and CYP2D6 for tamoxifen, significantly influence treatment toxicity and efficacy. Together, organoid phenotyping and genotype profiling provide complementary insights for clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advances in biomaterials, microengineering and multi-omic integration are rapidly enhancing organoid reliability, while robust pharmacogenetic markers continue to inform safe and effective chemotherapy use. Combining organoid-based functional testing with pharmacogenetic data offers a strong platform for next-generation precision oncology, enabling more accurate prediction of therapy response and toxicity in breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_589_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T09:00:15Z","timestamp":1792573215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacogenetic Determinants of Chemotherapy Response in Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Chemotherapeutic Agents"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"Prajakta","family":"Reur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Satara, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesh S.","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Satara, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Satara, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smriti P. K.","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhijeet P.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi A.","family":"Gudur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Satara, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand K.","family":"Gudur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Satara, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailas D.","family":"Datkhile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Satara, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"container-title":["Annals of African Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_589_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T09:00:15Z","timestamp":1792573215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_589_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aam.aam_589_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1596-3519","0975-5764"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1596-3519","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-5764","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-08","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-24","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}