{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:40:12Z","timestamp":1792579212823,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a significant microvascular complication linked with diabetes mellitus which leads to chronic kidney disease worldwide. Conventional biomarkers, namely, serum creatinine and albuminuria often fail to detect early renal impairment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n The study aimed to compare the utility of serum cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) for assessing the severity of DN.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This prospective, observational study was conducted on 52 DN cases and 52 controls. Clinical and laboratory parameters of all were assessed at baseline. Serum creatinine, cystatin C, NGAL, and pro-ANP of cases were measured at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Statistical analysis, including group comparison, correlation and regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and longitudinal analysis, was done on IBM SPSSv26.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n At baseline, cases had significantly higher serum creatinine, cystatin C, and NGAL than controls. Pro-ANP was higher in cases but not significant. A significant Pearson\u2019s correlation appeared between cystatin C (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.852), creatinine (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.833), pro-ANP (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.553), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). No significant correlation was observed between NGAL and eGFR. ROC analysis showed that cystatin C had the highest diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve = 0.995,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Time trend analysis highlighted a significant increase of cystatin C, pro-ANP, and serum creatinine (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), but not for NGAL (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.093), with increasing renal impairment over 12 months.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Cystatin C demonstrated strongest correlation with eGFR and highest diagnostic accuracy. Time trend analysis revealed significant increase in cystatin C level over 12 months, highlighting its potential role as biomarker for monitoring DN patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_998_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:00:10Z","timestamp":1792576810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cystatin C, Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin, and Pro-atrial Natriuretic Peptide as Biomarkers in the Assessment of Diabetic Nephropathy Patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"Nhetan Navin","family":"Acharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koushik","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Sri","family":"Sahasarajitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Belagavi Institute of Medical Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dharmendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maharudra S.","family":"Shekhanawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Belagavi Institute of Medical Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naren V.","family":"Nimbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Belagavi Institute of Medical Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"container-title":["Annals of African Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_998_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:00:12Z","timestamp":1792576812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aam.aam_998_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aam.aam_998_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1596-3519","0975-5764"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1596-3519","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-5764","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-15","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-21","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}