{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:37:24Z","timestamp":1787841444424,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with some cytokine involvement, associated with several risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, etc., Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a new viral infection, also appears to be related to cytokine storm and similar risk factors. In this review, we intend to evaluate the possible relationship between PD and COVID-19. For data collection, English literature was searched in databases including PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords searched were COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, PD, respiratory\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Impact of Oral pathogens on respiratory diseases:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Epidemiological studies indicated that oral pathogens are related to acute and chronic lung disease, and dental plaque is a likely reservoir for respiratory pathogens.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Viral presence in the periodontal pocket:<\/jats:italic>\n                    SARS-CoV-2 may be released from infected periodontal cells into periodontal pockets.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Common inflammatory mediators:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Several studies showed that the serum levels of interleukins (IL)-1, 6, 17, etc., increase in most patients with severe COVID-19. C-reactive protein (CRP) and endothelin 1(ET-1) may also be related to COVID-19 progression, and these mediators also increase in periodontitis.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Common risk factors:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Due to studies, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, aging, and male sex are the most important risk factors common between PDs and COVID-19 and may affect treatment outcomes and prognosis. PD seems to play a significant role in exacerbating COVID-19 and even affects the mortality rate of disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_116_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T08:35:36Z","timestamp":1720686936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Proposed Mechanisms for the Relationship between Periodontal Diseases and the Severity of Covid-19: Common Pathogens, Inflammatory Mediators, and Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Keykha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Khodadadifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdieh-Sadat","family":"Moosavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaser","family":"Fathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Hajisadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, 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