{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:30:40Z","timestamp":1786728640699,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n Probiotic-based bacteriotherapy has emerged as a potentially effective strategy for preventing infectious diseases.\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n strains consumed as probiotics and the safety of these spp. has been questioned due to reported unexpected responses. Hence, the present study has been conducted to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of\n Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n GG in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n The acute and sub-chronic toxicity effect of\n L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n is studied in rats as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), test guideline 423 and 407, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n In acute toxicity,\n L. rhamnosus at<\/jats:italic>\n 1 \u00d7 10\n 7<\/jats:sup>\n , 1 \u00d7 10\n 8<\/jats:sup>\n , 1 \u00d7 10\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n , and 1 \u00d7 10\n 10<\/jats:sup>\n CFU\/mL don\u2019t show any toxic signs. In sub-chronic toxicity,\n L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n at 1 \u00d7 10\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n ,1 \u00d7 10\n 7<\/jats:sup>\n and 1 \u00d7 10\n 8<\/jats:sup>\n CFU\/mL dosages showed dose-depended changes in biochemical and haematological parameters. In this study, one male and one female rat administered with 1 x 10\n 8<\/jats:sup>\n CFU\/mL of\n L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n showed mortality on days 16 and 26, respectively. The animals administered with\n L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n showed no histological changes in the organs such as heart, liver and kidney.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n exhibited mild-to-moderate toxic effects at the dose levels of 1 \u00d7 10\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n CFU\/mL, 1 \u00d7 10\n 7<\/jats:sup>\n and 1 \u00d7 10\n 8<\/jats:sup>\n CFU\/mL in rats.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_13_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T03:00:21Z","timestamp":1735527621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Sprague-Dawley Rats"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Vedam Venkata Kanthi","family":"Vaishnavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, 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