{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:23:56Z","timestamp":1787844236655,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Design Fluency Test (DFT) is a nonverbal frame-free, nonstructured assessment of executive function (EF). Since previous studies evaluating EF in Parkinson's disease (PD) have mainly used verbal assessments for EF, this study aims to evaluate the pattern of executive domains in PD using DFT and to compare it with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (FTD) as a prototype for executive dysfunction and also with normal controls (NCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-eight patients with PD, 27 with FTD, and 27 NCs were included in the study in Ayatollah Kashani Neuropsychiatry Clinic affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences from September 2019 to February 2020. All participants were assessed via semi-structured neuropsychiatric interview, questionnaire for demographic profile (age, handedness, gender, education, and marital status), duration of illness, comorbid medical condition, comorbid psychiatric illnesses and medications, DFT, Short Parkinson's Evaluation Scale, Frontal Assessment Battery, Judgment of Line Orientation, and Neuropsychiatry Unit Cognitive Assessment Tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fixed condition novelty score was significantly different between FTD and PD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), FTD and control (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and also between PD and control (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). When free and fixed condition novelty scores were considered to predict diagnostic attribution, multinomial logistic regression revealed that odds ratio for free condition novelty score was 0.705 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.553\u20130.899) and 0.494 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.328\u20130.744) in PD and FTD, respectively. The odds ratio for fixed condition novelty score was 0.772 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011, 95% CI = 0.632\u20130.942) and 0.449 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.00, 95% CI = 0.292\u20130.691).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DFT subscores can be helpful in diagnosis and differentiation between FTD and PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_148_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T07:05:49Z","timestamp":1622271949000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Design Fluency Test Results among Patients with Parkinson's Disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, and the Control Group"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Majid","family":"Barekatain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrollah","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Maracy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Akbaripour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14108","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"27","author":"Balestrino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R2-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16675","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA02720K","article-title":"A luminescence-based assay for monitoring changes in alpha-synuclein aggregation in living cells","volume":"10","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"R3-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00218","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and the environment","volume":"10","author":"Ball","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R4-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666191104110908","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: A review from pathophysiology to treatment","volume":"20","author":"Marino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"R5-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113357","article-title":"Modelling cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease: Is CA2 a gateway for hippocampal synucleinopathy?","volume":"330","author":"Cinar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R6-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: A review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R7-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.107948","article-title":"Approaches to develop therapeutics to treat frontotemporal dementia?","volume":"166","author":"Elia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"R8-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051809","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3051809","article-title":"Daily performance of adolescents with executive function deficits: An empirical study using a complex-cooking task","volume":"2020","author":"Fogel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup Ther Int"},{"key":"R9-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.052","article-title":"Executive dysfunctions and behavioral changes in early drug-na\u00efve patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"243","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"R10-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00350","article-title":"Apathy in Parkinson's disease is related to executive function, gender and age but not to depression","volume":"6","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R11-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.889089","article-title":"The effect of Parkinson's disease on verbal and non-verbal fluency","volume":"36","author":"Jaywant","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R12-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2560-3","article-title":"Design fluency and neuroanatomical correlates in 54 neurosurgical patients with lesions to the right hemisphere","volume":"135","author":"Marin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"R13-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-017-0185-0","article-title":"Comparison of cognitive functioning as measured by the ruff figural fluency test and the CogState computerized battery within the LifeLines Cohort Study","volume":"5","author":"Kuiper","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"R14-13-20240830","first-page":"419","article-title":"Expanded scoring criteria for the design fluency test: Reliability and validity in neuropsychological and college samples","volume":"14","author":"Harter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R15-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.017509","article-title":"A short scale for the assessment of motor impairments and disabilities in Parkinson's disease: the SPES\/SCOPA","volume":"75","author":"Marinus","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R16-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1159\/000313981","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Persian language version of the neuropsychiatry unit Cognitive Assessment Tool","volume":"29","author":"Barekatain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"R17-13-20240830","first-page":"16","article-title":"Persian version of frontal assessment battery: Correlations with formal measures of executive functioning and providing normative data for Persian population","volume":"15","author":"Asaadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Neurol"},{"key":"R18-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2013.827744","article-title":"Reliability of three Benton Judgment of line orientation short forms in idiopathic Parkinson's disease","volume":"27","author":"Gullett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R19-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(77)90070-7","article-title":"Design fluency: The invention of nonsense drawings after focal cortical lesions","volume":"15","author":"Jones-Gotman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"R20-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/11.4.345","article-title":"Design fluency among normals and patients with closed head injury","volume":"11","author":"Varney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R21-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13467","article-title":"An assessment of movement disorder society task force diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"25","author":"Uysal-Cant\u00fcrk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R22-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717000522","article-title":"Frontal assessment battery in Parkinson's disease: Validity and morphological correlates","volume":"23","author":"Bezdicek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"R23-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.889089","article-title":"The effect of Parkinson's disease subgroup on verbal and non-verbal fluency","volume":"36","author":"Jaywant","year":"2014","journal-title":"J clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R24-13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029254","article-title":"Executive functioning in daily life in Parkinson's disease: Initiative, planning and multi-task performance","volume":"6","author":"Koerts","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Advanced Biomedical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/abr.abr_148_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:15:16Z","timestamp":1787843716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/abr.abr_148_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/abr.abr_148_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2277-9175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2277-9175","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}}}