{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T08:39:27Z","timestamp":1793695167401,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The obligate intracellular parasite, Leishmania, causes leishmaniasis as an infectious disease. The parasite is transmitted through female sandfly bites and infects the host mononuclear phagocytes, leading to severe skin lesions and fatal systemic infection. The quick diagnosis and effective treatment can prevent the development scars and chronic or uncontrollable disease forms. The current chemical and physical treatments have limitations; hence, the use of plant compounds and their derivatives is a new proposed treatment method. Therefore, in this review, the recent advances in combination therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis were investigated. The information was obtained from all articles published in PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases (1998\u20132022). Search terms used were \u201cCombination Therapy\u201d AND \u201cCutaneous Leishmaniasis.\u201d The data showed increased synergistic efficacy or shortening the course of treatment and few adverse effects in the combined treatment of (CL),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Expanding the combination therapy in clinical trials could open a new insight in treatment strategies of CL.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_17_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T09:00:20Z","timestamp":1764320420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Compared with Standard Drugs, In Vitro or In Vivo: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Parisa","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Zolfaghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Aghaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asieh","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"},{"name":"Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zabihollah","family":"Shahmoradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Hossein","family":"Hejazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Reithinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"key":"R2-20251128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67629-5","article-title":"Advances in leishmaniasis","volume":"366","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"R3-20251128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00011","article-title":"The geographical distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis causative agents in Iran and its neighboring countries, a review","volume":"8","author":"Ghatee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in public health"},{"key":"R4-20251128","first-page":"261","article-title":"Eyelid cutaneous leishmaniasis: a case report","volume":"46","author":"Doroodgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"R5-20251128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4310","article-title":"Diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"},{"key":"R6-20251128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.02.007","article-title":"Systematic review of the adverse effects of cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment in the New World","volume":"118","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"R7-20251128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/31.1.9","article-title":"Nitroimidazole drugs-action and resistance mechanisms I. 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