{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:38:39Z","timestamp":1787841519238,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Common complications including stridor, laryngospasm, and bronchospasm are important in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Dexamethasone, lidocaine, and ketamine could have significant roles in reducing these complications. Here we aimed to compare the use of these drugs during tonsillectomy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This study was performed on 100 children that were candidates of tonsillectomy. Patients were divided into 4 groups receiving dexamethasone 0.1 mg\/kg and lidocaine 1 mg\/kg, ketamine 0.5 mg\/kg and dexamethasone 0.1 mg\/kg, dexamethasone 0.1 mg\/kg, and normal saline after surgical procedures. We evaluated and compared data regarding the duration of anesthesia, oxygenation saturation, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic (SBP and DBP)), re-intubation, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, requiring analgesics after surgeries, recovery stay duration, and nausea and vomiting.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Administration of ketamine and dexamethasone was associated with the lowest pain and lowest need for postoperative analgesic administrations in patients (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.02). Patients that received lidocaine and dexamethasone had the lowest frequencies of airway stimulations (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Evaluations of complications in patients revealed that stridor was significantly lower in patients that received ketamine and dexamethasone (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Usage of ketamine and dexamethasone was associated with the lowest pain severities and lowest complications. On the other hand, patients that received lidocaine and dexamethasone had the least airway stimulations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_234_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T08:00:13Z","timestamp":1722240013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lidocaine and Dexamethasone, Ketamine and Dexamethasone, and Dexamethasone Alone in Tonsillectomy Complications"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Morteza","family":"Heidari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Shetebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parastoo","family":"Golshiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Hoghughi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"R1-20240830","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: Tonsillectomy in children (update)","volume":"160","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-017-1190-6","article-title":"Tonsillectomy-comparative study of various techniques and changing trend","volume":"69","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R3-20240830","first-page":"CD004619","article-title":"Coblation versus other surgical techniques for tonsillectomy","volume":"8","author":"Pynnonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968985","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1968985","article-title":"Respiratory complications of adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in the pediatric population","volume":"2018","author":"Marrugo Pardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Disord"},{"key":"R5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-017-2310-x","article-title":"Adjuncts to local anaesthetics in tonsillectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Vlok","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"R6-20240830","first-page":"113","article-title":"The Effect of Dexamethasone on the incidence of laryngospasm in pediatric patients after Tonsillectomy","volume":"2","author":"Jaafarpour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Health System Journal"},{"key":"R7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijso.2020.05.005","article-title":"Effects of lidocaine versus fentanyl on attenuation of hemodynamic responses to extubation after ear, nose and throat surgery in a resource limited setting: A prospective observational study","volume":"24","author":"Lemma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg Open"},{"key":"R8-20240830","first-page":"177","article-title":"Comparison of Tranexamic acid, Remifentanil, and Hydralazine on the bleeding volume during Dacryocystorhinostomy surgery","volume":"14","author":"Farsani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"R9-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001527","article-title":"Perioperative use of intravenous lidocaine","volume":"126","author":"Dunn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R10-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2017.05.005","article-title":"Intravenous lidocaine","volume":"31","author":"Estebe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0955-x","article-title":"Perioperative use of intravenous lidocaine","volume":"78","author":"Beaussier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"R12-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.2016.11.1.42","article-title":"The effect of combining lidocaine with dexamethasone for attenuating postoperative sore throat, cough, and hoarseness","volume":"11","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2016.5","article-title":"Ketamine use in current clinical practice","volume":"37","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"R14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.015198","article-title":"Ketamine and ketamine metabolite pharmacology: Insights into therapeutic mechanisms","volume":"70","author":"Zanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"R15-20240830","first-page":"CD011940","article-title":"Adverse side effects of dexamethasone in surgical patients","volume":"8","author":"Polderman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R16-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30417-5","article-title":"Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: A multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Villar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"R17-20240830","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recovery profile using Modified Aldrete Score in post anaesthesia care unit after sevoflurane or desflurane anaesthesia: A prospective randomised study","volume":"12","author":"Valasareddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R18-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer505","article-title":"Simplified postoperative nausea and vomiting impact scale for audit and post-discharge review","volume":"108","author":"Myles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R19-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.02.013","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the FLACC scale used to assess procedural pain","volume":"19","author":"Crellin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"R20-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-4958.113242","article-title":"Prophylactic ketamine gargle to reduce post-operative sore throat following endotracheal intubation","volume":"26","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Soc"},{"key":"R21-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2019.4.42753","article-title":"Alternatives to rapid sequence intubation: Contemporary airway management with ketamine","volume":"20","author":"Merelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R22-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.2015.10.4.257","article-title":"Preventive effect of ketamine gargling for postoperative sore throat after endotracheal intubation","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R23-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.892424","article-title":"Ketamine and propofol combination (\u201cketofol\u201d) for endotracheal intubations in critically ill patients: A case series","volume":"16","author":"de Moraes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"R24-20240830","first-page":"CD006614","article-title":"Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term","volume":"8","author":"Sotiriadis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R25-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753466620942131","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466620942131","article-title":"Worrying situation regarding the use of dexamethasone for COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"R26-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.07.069","article-title":"Effects of intravenous administration of fentanyl and lidocaine on hemodynamic responses following endotracheal intubation","volume":"36","author":"Hashemian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R27-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12332","article-title":"Effect of intravenous lidocaine on cough response to endotracheal intubation in propofol-anaesthetized dogs","volume":"43","author":"Panti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"R28-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2020.06.017","article-title":"The benefit of adding lidocaine to ketamine during rapid sequence endotracheal intubation in patients with septic shock: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Fathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"}],"container-title":["Advanced Biomedical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/abr.abr_234_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:59:24Z","timestamp":1787839164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/abr.abr_234_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/abr.abr_234_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2277-9175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2277-9175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-17","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}