{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:32:17Z","timestamp":1793244737291,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Barbaloin (BAR) is a naturally occurring bioactive anthracycline derived from the leaf exudates of aloe plants with a variety of biological and pharmacological properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of BAR against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I\/R) injury in rats and the possible underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion was used to induce cerebral I\/R injury in rats, and BAR was administered intraperitoneally after the onset of ischemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that BAR remarkably improved neurological scores, reduced brain infarct volume, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in cerebral I\/R rats. Furthermore, BAR upregulated Bcl-2 protein levels and downregulated cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the ischemic cortex. I\/R injury-induced increases in malondialdehyde content, and decreases in glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly attenuated by BAR administration.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , BAR pretreatment inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines (iNOS, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, and interleukin-6) and reduced protein levels of iNOS and nuclear expression of nuclear factor-\u03baB p65 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, our data suggest that BAR possesses neuroprotective effects against cerebral I\/R injury through antiapoptotic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties.<\/jats:p>\n                  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