{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:32:28Z","timestamp":1787761948256,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Due to the increasing prevalence of candidiasis, early detection of the causative agents may pave the way for the management of this infection. The present study aimed to assess the discriminative power of the six isoenzymatic systems for differentiating the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixteen standard\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains and 30 fluconazole-sensitive and fluconazole-resistant clinical strains of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      were analyzed using a Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) method, including six enzymatic systems consisting of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glucose-phosphate isomerase (GPI), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), and malic enzyme (ME).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the six enzymatic systems, ME showed no diagnostic activity, whereas MDH provided the best species-specific pattern for species discrimination. In addition, the MDH and G6PD systems provided a discriminatory pattern for differentiating\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. The same isoenzymatic activity was detected in all 36 standard and clinical isolates. Moreover, the results showed no correlation between the isoenzymatic profiles and drug resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the investigated MLEE systems, MDH was able to differentiate between\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida dubliniensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Although no association was detected between isoenzyme patterns and fluconazole resistance in this investigation, isoenzyme patterns are likely correlated with virulence factors between species and even within species. To answer these questions, additional studies should be done on more strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_243_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T07:40:03Z","timestamp":1684482003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the Typing Power of Six Isoenzymatic Systems for Differentiation of Clinical and Standard Isolates of Candida Species"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Hatam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Morovati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzieh","family":"Alikhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyvan","family":"Pakshir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamiar","family":"Zomorodian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020079","article-title":"Candida albicans\u2014the virulence factors and clinical manifestations of infection","volume":"7","author":"Talapko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"R2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24250","article-title":"Invasive Candidiasis in Children: Challenges Remain","volume":"26","author":"Baalaaji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med."},{"key":"R3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00272-8","article-title":"Neonatal invasive candidiasis: Updates on clinical management and prevention","volume":"6","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"R4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070877","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis: Update and current challenges in the management of this mycosis in South America","volume":"11","author":"Riera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"R5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13399","article-title":"Prevalence of Candida species in psoriasis","volume":"65","author":"Elsner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"R6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2019950","article-title":"Pathogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans","volume":"13","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"R7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127038","article-title":"Candida glabrata is a successful pathogen: An artist manipulating the immune response","volume":"260","author":"Shantal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"R8-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.07.003","article-title":"Friendly fungi: Symbiosis with commensal Candida albicans","volume":"43","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"R9-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-017-3196-2","article-title":"Primary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies: 2017 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO)","volume":"97","author":"Mellinghoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"R10-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-04720-5","article-title":"High incidence of invasive fungal infection during acute myeloid leukemia treatment in a resource-limited country: Clinical risk factors and treatment outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Nganthavee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"R11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0197851","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197851","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive fungal infections during induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Lien","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R12-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060718","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis","volume":"11","author":"Barantsevich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"R13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585136","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3585136","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of esophageal candidiasis: current updates","volume":"2019","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S383785","article-title":"Candida lusitaniae: Biology, Pathogenicity, Virulence Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment","author":"Mendoza-Reyes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"R15-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00004-07","article-title":"Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species","volume":"20","author":"Fotedar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microb Rev"},{"key":"R16-20240830","first-page":"57","article-title":"Isozyme analysis in fungal taxonomy and molecular genetics","volume":"4","author":"Micales","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"R17-20240830","first-page":"157","article-title":"Isoenzyme analyses tools used long time in forest science","author":"Sulkowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intech Open"},{"key":"R18-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20396\/bjos.v16i0.8650497","article-title":"Isoenzyme genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of oxacillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolates","volume":"16","author":"Boriollo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R19-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6040108","article-title":"Contribution of the Oligomeric State to the Thermostability of Isoenzyme 3 from Candida rugosa","volume":"6","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"R20-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.507605","article-title":"Assessment of Candida species colonization and denture-related stomatitis in complete denture wearers","volume":"49","author":"Zomorodian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"R21-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.91059","article-title":"Determination of antifungal susceptibility patterns among the clinical isolates of Candida species","volume":"3","author":"Zomorodian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20042015","article-title":"Identification, characterization and structure of a new Delta class glutathione transferase isoenzyme","volume":"388","author":"Udomsinprasert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"R23-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.11.2514-2521.1989","article-title":"Isoenzyme biotypes of Candida species","volume":"27","author":"Lehmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R24-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1993.1006","article-title":"Comparison of the Lowry and the Bradford protein assays as applied for protein estimation of membrane-containing fractions","volume":"208","author":"Kirazov","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"R25-20240830","first-page":"394","article-title":"A comparison of Biuret, Lowry and Bradford methods for measuring the egg's proteins","author":"Martina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mendel Net"},{"key":"R26-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.3.400-404.1989","article-title":"Protein and enzyme electrophoresis profiles of selected Candida species","volume":"27","author":"Lehmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R27-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.11.2623-2625.1991","article-title":"Isoenzyme changes in Candida albicans during domestication","volume":"29","author":"Lehmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R28-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-3-1343","article-title":"Grouping oral Candida species by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis","volume":"50","author":"Rosa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"R29-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.06.012","article-title":"Disparity between multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, microsatellite markers and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in epidemiological tracking of Candida albicans","volume":"82","author":"Boriollo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"R30-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.05.012","article-title":"Parity among interpretation methods of MLEE patterns and disparity among clustering methods in epidemiological typing of Candida albicans","volume":"64","author":"Boriollo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Microbiol Method"},{"key":"R31-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2005.235","article-title":"Differentiation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis using a single-enzyme PCR-RFLP method","volume":"58","author":"Mirhendi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R32-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.2.329-334.1998","article-title":"Candida dubliniensis: Characteristics and identification","volume":"36","author":"Sullivan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Mircrobiol"},{"key":"R33-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.4.321","article-title":"Candida albicans strain delineation","volume":"3","author":"Merz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R34-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150181133","article-title":"Difference gel electrophoresis. A single gel method for detecting changes in protein extracts","volume":"18","author":"\u00dcnl\u00fc","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"R35-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201200031","article-title":"Comparison of in-gel protein separation techniques commonly used for fractionation in mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling","volume":"33","author":"Jafari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"R36-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/16.3.377","article-title":"Comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with isoenzyme profiles as a typing system for Candida tropicalis","volume":"16","author":"Doebbeling","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R37-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.10.2732-2737.1995","article-title":"Fluconazole-and itraconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains from AIDS patients: Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis and antifungal susceptibilities","volume":"33","author":"Le Guennec","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R38-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.1.117.122","article-title":"Genotypic identification of Candida dubliniensis isolated from HIV patients by MLEE","volume":"39","author":"Badoc","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"R39-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2000.00552.x","article-title":"Multicentric genetic study of Candida albicans isolates from non-neutropenic patients using MLEE typing: Population structure and mode of reproduction","volume":"43","author":"Arnavielhe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"R40-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2009.00524.x","article-title":"Distribution and hydrolytic enzyme characteristics of Candida albicans strains isolated from diabetic patients and their non-diabetic consorts","volume":"24","author":"Boriollo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"R41-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2011.02043.x","article-title":"Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis and exoenzymatic activity of Candida albicans strains isolated from women with vaginal candidiasis","volume":"55","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"R42-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.5.1235-1248.1996","article-title":"Typing Candida albicans oral isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and DNA fingerprinting","volume":"34","author":"Boerlin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Advanced Biomedical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/abr.abr_243_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:08:48Z","timestamp":1787760528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/abr.abr_243_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/abr.abr_243_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2277-9175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2277-9175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-11","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}