{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:17:20Z","timestamp":1787847440620,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n This study evaluates\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n anti-\n Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n effects of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) green synthesized using\n Conocarpus erectus<\/jats:italic>\n L.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n CuNPs were green synthesized using the aqueous extract of\n Conocarpus erectus<\/jats:italic>\n L. An MTT assay was performed on Hella cells to evaluate the cell viability. The\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n anti-\n Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n activity of various concentrations of CuNPs (20\u2013160 ppm) for 1, 2, 4, and 8 h at room temperature was assessed against the\n Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n RH tachyzoites. Moreover, the flow cytometry test was carried out to confirm the results. For\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n assessment, BALB\/c mice were infected with RH strains, subsequently treated with CuNPs, and compared with the control group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n CuNPs had a particle size of less than 20 nm, with a maximum peak at 315 nm, according to transmission electron microscopy. The highest mortality rate was observed at 160 ppm concentration, and after 8 h of exposure, it was demonstrated by the result of flow cytometry. Furthermore, oral administration of CuNPs increased oral bioavailability and mice survival time and reduced parasitemia. Green synthesized CuNPs by\n Conocarpus erectus<\/jats:italic>\n L. reduced the tachyzoites of\n Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n , RH strain\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n , and increased the survival time of infected mice treated with CuNPs compared to the control group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n To achieve effective treatment against toxoplasmosis, it is suggested that more studies will be done on other strains, especially type II. Finally, it seems that the use of CuNPs can be helpful as a supplementary treatment alongside common treatments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_401_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T11:00:09Z","timestamp":1780138809000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-Toxoplasma Activity of Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) Synthesized Using Conocarpus erectus L.: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bahram","family":"Rostami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Hasanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Allied 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