{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:25:36Z","timestamp":1791822336073,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuraxial anesthesia in obstetrics began with the spinal block by Oskar Kreis in 1900. The technique of subarachnoid blockade has been refined since then and various drugs have been used to provide analgesia and anesthesia for infraumbilical surgeries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted because of newer options available, such as an intrathecal drug with appropriate sensory and motor blockade and minimal haemodynamic changes that can be used in the lower segment cesarean section safely. Ninety patients were randomly divided into three groups including 30 patients in each group. Group B, Group L, and Group R, each receiving 2.2 mL of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine, and 0.5% isobaric ropivacaine, respectively. All groups were compared concerning sensory block, motor block, hemodynamic stability, and complications if any.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The onset of sensory block at T\n                      <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                      , two-segment regression time from the highest block, time of regression to L\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      , total duration of analgesia, onset and total duration of motor block were comparable between Group B and L (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05), but both these groups were statistically significant with Group R (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Hypotension was observed among all the groups; however, the incidence was minimum in Group R.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>12 mg of isobaric ropivacaine and 12 mg of isobaric levobupivacaine, compared to 12 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine (2.2 mL of 0.5% each), when administered intrathecally provides adequate anesthesia for cesarean section. The lesser duration of motor block in ropivacaine compared to the other two drugs could be beneficial for early ambulation, also the incidence of hypotension was lower in Group R.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.aer_60_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T07:49:57Z","timestamp":1665128997000},"page":"238-243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparative Study between Intrathecal 0.5% Isobaric Levobupivacaine, 0.5% isObaric Ropivacaine, and 0.5% Hyperbaric Bupivacaine in Elective Lower Segment Cesarean Section"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Oraon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boniface","family":"Hembrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barun","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ladhu","family":"Lakra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-11-20240901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.4.5.781","article-title":"Ropivacaine: A pharmacological review","volume":"4","author":"Hansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"R2-11-20240901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200059030-00013","article-title":"Levobupivacaine: A review of its pharmacology and use as a local anaesthetic","volume":"59","author":"Foster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"R3-11-20240901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-200304000-00004","article-title":"Intrathecal fentanyl added to intrathecal bupivacaine for day case surgery: A randomized study","volume":"20","author":"Goel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R4-11-20240901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2005.06.006","article-title":"There is no place in modern obstetrics for racemic bupivacaine","volume":"15","author":"Van de Velde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"R5-11-20240901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.05995.x","article-title":"The effects of intrathecal levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in the elderly","volume":"64","author":"Erdil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R6-11-20240901","first-page":"992","article-title":"A comparison of spinal anesthesia with low-dose hyperbaric levobupivacaine and hyperbaric bupivacaine for transurethral surgery: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"Hakan Erbay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"R7-11-20240901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200201000-00036","article-title":"Hyperbaric spinal levobupivacaine: A comparison to racemic bupivacaine in volunteers","volume":"94","author":"Alley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R8-11-20240901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00011","article-title":"The CONSORT statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials","volume":"134","author":"Moher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R9-11-20240901","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for transurethral endoscopic surgery","volume":"89","author":"Vanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"R10-11-20240901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199652030-00012","article-title":"Ropivacaine. 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