{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:31:16Z","timestamp":1787758276370,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by highly contagious virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) that has infected millions of people across the world. Most of the countries have seen two wave patterns of the pandemic. The second wave is potentially more challenging due to high influx of cases, differing properties of the emerging mutants, and other dynamics of the evolving pandemic. Neurological manifestations are common among COVID-19 positive patients. In this context, the present study attempts to compare the neurological manifestation in the first and second waves of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n A single-center retrospective observational study was undertaken to compare neurological manifestations in the first and second waves of COVID-19. A sample of 1500 patients in the second wave admitted with COVID-19 were included in this study and the findings were compared with 1700 patients in the first wave (data derived from a former study in the same center). A detailed questionnaire addressing co-morbidities, admission details, and clinical features was employed to collect data from the hospital records.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Out of 1500 COVID-19 patients in the second wave of COVID-19, 355 (23.7%) of them had one or more neurological manifestations during their in-patient stay. The most common neurological symptom in the 2\n nd<\/jats:sup>\n wave of COVID-19 was headache reported in 216 (14.4%) of patients followed by fatigue in 130 (8.7%), myalgia in 120 (8.0%), smell and taste disorders (STD) in 90 (6.0%), altered sensorium in 40 (2.7%), dizziness in 24 (1.6%), seizures in 34 (2.3%), encephalopathy in 26 (1.7%), strokes in 13 (0.9%), etc., Compared to the first wave of COVID-19, dizziness (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), myalgia (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001), headache (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) and meningoencephalitis (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.01) were more common while cerebrovascular syndromes (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001) were less common in the second wave. The mortality in the 2\n nd<\/jats:sup>\n wave neurological subgroup was higher [66 (18.6%)] than 1\n st<\/jats:sup>\n wave neurological subgroup [23 (10%)].\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Meningoencephalitis, headache, and seizures were found to be more common in second wave as compared to first wave. The severity and mortality rate were higher in the second wave.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_1048_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T04:34:12Z","timestamp":1659587652000},"page":"864-868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of Neurological Manifestations in the Two Waves of COVID-19 Infection"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sachin","family":"Sureshbabu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merisin","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C V","family":"Haseena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noufal","family":"Basheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R N","family":"Srutha Keerthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Samrooda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K P","family":"Abdurehiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P V","family":"Deepthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babitha","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Alappat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China:A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R4-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03449-6","article-title":"Comparison between First and Second wave among critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to a French ICU:No prognostic improvement during the second wave?","volume":"25","author":"Contou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R5-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.10.033","article-title":"First and second COVID-19 waves in Japan:A comparison of disease severity and characteristics:Comparison of the two COVID-19 waves in Japan","volume":"82","author":"Saito","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"R6-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.05.009","article-title":"Differences between First wave and Second wave of COVID-19 in India","volume":"15","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"R7-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13266","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of COVID-19:A systematic review and current update","volume":"142","author":"Whittaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R8-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R9-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China:A single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"R10-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-020-00354-4","article-title":"Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan:A single center's observational study","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"R11-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China:A descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R12-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25783","article-title":"Clinical features and treatment of COVID-19 patients in northeast Chongqing","volume":"92","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R13-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R14-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19):A multicenter European study","volume":"277","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R15-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14273","article-title":"Acute-onset smell and taste disorders in the context of COVID-19:A pilot multicentre polymerase chain reaction-based case\u2013control study","volume":"27","author":"Beltr\u00e1n-Corbellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R16-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330","article-title":"Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection:A cross-sectional study","volume":"71","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R17-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-020-00423-8","article-title":"Early recovery following new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2013An observational cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Hopkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R18-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013","article-title":"Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19","volume":"191","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"R19-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.024","article-title":"Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy","volume":"191","author":"Lodigiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"R20-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2730","article-title":"Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vs patients with influenza","volume":"77","author":"Merkler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R21-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2020-000431","article-title":"Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19:A single center, retrospective, observational study","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"R22-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14849","article-title":"Thromboinflammation and the hypercoagulability of COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Connors","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R23-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa434","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa434","article-title":"A distinct phylogenetic cluster of Indian severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 isolates","volume":"7","author":"Banu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"R24-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1060","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009937","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19:The ALBACOVID registry","volume":"95","author":"Romero-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R25-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.36106\/ijar\/5300167","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of Covid in a tertiary care center in Tamilnadu","volume":"11","author":"Thanagaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Appl Res"},{"key":"R26-20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0247115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247115","article-title":"High throughput detection and genetic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 using COVIDSeq next-generation sequencing","volume":"16","author":"Bhoyar","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aian.aian_1048_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:08:15Z","timestamp":1787756895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aian.aian_1048_21"}},"subtitle":["A Cross-Sectional Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aian.aian_1048_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-2327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-2327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}}}