{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:43:08Z","timestamp":1792417388607,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite a low national prevalence of 0.20%, India\u2019s absolute burden of 2.544 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) presents clinicians with varied neurological complications. While combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has extended survival, the neuro-HIV profile in India, characterized by the predominance of HIV-1 clade C, remains distinct from that reported in Western cohorts. This scoping review aimed to identify patterns of neurological manifestations in India across the pre-ART, ART, and \u201ctreat-all\u201d eras and to support the establishment of a National HIV Neurology Special Interest Group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, a systematic search was conducted for studies published between 1991 and 2025. Eligible studies included Indian adults living with HIV aged \u226518 years with definitive neurological syndromic diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 148 studies involving 3,433 patients were included. The \u201ctreat-all\u201d era (post-2017) had the highest reporting volume from India. The central nervous system involvement predominated (94.7%), with opportunistic infections identified as the most common etiology (74.83%). Meningitis was the most-frequent neurological syndrome (1,187 cases; 54.5%), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (439 cases; 12.78%) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (374 cases; 10.89%) were the most common pathogens. Diagnoses were commonly established using a combination of clinical examination, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis (2,799 cases; 81.5%). ART data were unavailable for 91.8% of patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The neurology-HIV scenario in India is characterized by a high burden of acute opportunistic infections. The significant dependence on empirical polypharmacy and the identified gaps in ART-related data reveal a poorly integrated care model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_197_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:00:33Z","timestamp":1792155633000},"page":"723-731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurological Manifestations in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV) in India: A Scoping Review and the Need for a National HIV-Neurology Special Interest Group"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Farsana","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divyani","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venugopalan Y","family":"Vishnu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achal Kumar","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayush","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20261019","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Neurologic Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"24","author":"Saylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contin Minneap Minn"},{"key":"R3-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793080","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.793080","article-title":"Biomarkers of tuberculous meningitis and pediatric human immunodeficiency virus on the African Continent","volume":"13","author":"Teunissen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R4-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R7-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.198203","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of HIV-AIDS at a tertiary care institute in North Eastern India","volume":"65","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"R8-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.103329","article-title":"Clinical profile of neurological manifestation in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients","volume":"4","author":"Sonkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"North Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"R9-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1658_16","article-title":"Sustained progress, but no room for complacency: Results of 2015 HIV estimations in India","volume":"146","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R11-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2020.409","article-title":"Retrospective studies - 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