{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:43:29Z","timestamp":1792417409487,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brachial plexopathies (BPs) are disabling peripheral nerve disorders resulting in significant motor and sensory deficits. Traumatic BP is the most common etiology, typically following high-energy injuries, while non-traumatic causes include inflammatory and other etiologies. Although imaging provides anatomical detail, electrodiagnostic studies\u2014nerve conduction study (NCS) and needle electromyography (EMG)\u2014remain central to functional assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients evaluated for BP at a tertiary electrophysiology laboratory between 2017 and 2022. Patients with symptom duration \u22651 month and complete NCS and EMG datasets were included. These datasets were analyzed to determine lesion localization, including trunks, cords, anterior primary rami (APR), and preganglionic involvement. Electrophysiological patterns were compared between traumatic and non-traumatic etiologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-eight patients were included (69 males; mean age 31.7 years); 70 (89.7%) had traumatic and 8 (10.3%) had non-traumatic BPs. Pan-plexopathy was the most frequent localization (73.1%), followed by upper trunk involvement. EMG was abnormal in all patients and provided incremental diagnostic yield beyond NCS alone, identifying plexus involvement in 2.6% of patients with normal NCS and detecting APR or preganglionic involvement in an additional 6\u20139%. Preganglionic and root avulsion patterns were observed exclusively in traumatic cases (8.9%). Apart from proximal lesions in the form of APR and root involvement exclusivity in traumatic BP, electrophysiological patterns overlapped substantially between etiologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pan-plexopathy and upper trunk involvement predominate in BPs. EMG provides critical information beyond NCS alone, particularly for identifying proximal and preganglionic lesions, and remains indispensable for accurate localization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_222_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:00:10Z","timestamp":1788516010000},"page":"788-793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrophysiological Profile and Comparative Analysis in Brachial Plexus Injuries"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"VH","family":"Ganaraja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresha","family":"Kodapala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020200012","article-title":"Anatomy, imaging, and pathologic conditions of the brachial plexus","volume":"40","author":"Gilcrease-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"R2-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001124","article-title":"Traumatic brachial plexus injury: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R3-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-18-00433","article-title":"Adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries","volume":"27","author":"Noland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"R4-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.107682","article-title":"Electrodiagnosis in traumatic brachial plexus injury","volume":"16","author":"Mansukhani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"R5-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26684","article-title":"Prognostic value of needle electromyography in traumatic brachial plexus injury","volume":"60","author":"Impastato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R6-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001139","article-title":"Degree of agreement between electrodiagnostic testing and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of brachial plexopathy","volume":"98","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R7-20261019","first-page":"4619631","article-title":"Electrophysiological predictors of clinical outcome in traumatic neuropathies: A multicenter prospective study","author":"Ciaramitaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Res Int 2016"},{"key":"R8-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2020.07.005","article-title":"Brachial and lumbosacral plexopathies: A review","volume":"5","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Pract"},{"key":"R9-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2011.12.005","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic assessment of the brachial plexus","volume":"30","author":"Ferrante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"R10-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0b013e3181450f7a","article-title":"Brachial plexopathies: Etiology, frequency, and electrodiagnostic localization","volume":"9","author":"Moghekar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"R11-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.07.182","article-title":"Traumatic brachial plexus injury: Electrodiagnostic findings from 111 patients in a tertiary care hospital in India","volume":"43","author":"Barman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"R12-20261019","first-page":"229","article-title":"Brachial plexopathy: A clinical and electrophysiological study","volume":"44","author":"Puri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R13-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(93)90030-K","article-title":"Mechanisms of brachial plexus lesions","volume":"95","author":"Coene","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"R14-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2007.07.005","article-title":"Aspects cliniques, \u00e9lectroneuromyographiques et IRM des traumatismes du plexus brachial","volume":"34","author":"Vargas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R15-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.7.PEDS18193","article-title":"Comparative accuracies of electrodiagnostic and imaging studies in neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aian.aian_222_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:03:31Z","timestamp":1792415011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aian.aian_222_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aian.aian_222_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-2327","1998-3549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-2327","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3549","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-23","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-22","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}