{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:17:45Z","timestamp":1787764665772,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three per thousand births have Erb\u2019s palsy. Spontaneous recovery is 50%. Co-activation yields poor outcomes. There are no objective indicators of its emergence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analyze if 1 month Axon Viability Index (AVI) of the axillary nerve and which active movement score (AMS) measures can predict co-activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings and Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tertiary level rehabilitation center, retrospective design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Material:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The electronic medical record (EMR) was reviewed for patients with Erb\u2019s palsy with Narakas grade 2 lesions, as having co-activation or not. The one-month Axillary AVI was used with monthly AMS scores. The inclusion criteria were an AVI greater than ten percent. Exclusion criteria were bi-brachial palsy, congenital anomalies, concomitant or subsequent neurological injuries, and orthopedic injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis Used:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the median and interquartile values for AMS scores at each respective time point. Statistical significance for each time point was determined using a student\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Regarding the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test on the AVI data, a significant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value of 0.001 was found favoring the co-activation group. AVI of the Axillary nerve between 0.1 and 0.5 at 1 month is a reliable indicator of future development of co-activation. The following were strong indicators of the emergence of co-activation respectively: month three Wrist Extension in sitting, Shoulder Abduction in supine, Shoulder Abduction in sitting, Elbow Flexion in sitting, month six Elbow Flexion in sitting, month seven Elbow Flexion in sitting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The axillary AVI at one month is a good predictor of future development of co-activation. The mentioned AMS items are the earliest indicators of co-activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_242_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T08:00:26Z","timestamp":1690963226000},"page":"871-875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of Co-activation in Erb\u2019s Palsy: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ravi","family":"Sankaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Amrita Hospitals, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00463.x","article-title":"Natural history of obstetric brachial plexus palsy: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Pondaag","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R3-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198870080-00013","article-title":"Brachial plexus palsy in the newborn","volume":"70","author":"Jackson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"R4-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F185","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.3.F185","article-title":"Congenital brachial palsy: Incidence, causes, and outcome in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland","volume":"88","author":"Evans-Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"R5-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00131-5","article-title":"Erb\u2019s palsy without shoulder dystocia","volume":"78","author":"Sandmire","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"R6-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.1.24","article-title":"Developmental apraxia arising from neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"55","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R7-20260511","first-page":"70","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A in obstetrical brachial plexus lesions","volume":"107","author":"Schubert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R9-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23901","article-title":"Outcome assessment for brachial plexus birth injury. 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