{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:42:56Z","timestamp":1786725776169,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A border zone infarct (BI) is defined as an infarction that is localized to watersheds or border zones in the brain. BI is further classified into cortical border zone infarct (CBZ) and internal border zone infarct (IBZ). This study was conducted to explore the clinical and radiological characteristics of BI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted on eligible 400 acute ischemic stroke patients out of which 52 BI patients (diagnosed by the radiologist on DWI MRI images), patients &gt;18 yrs of age were selected and divided into two groups of IBZ and CBZ infarct patients. The degree of intracranial and extracranial stenosis and characteristics on clinical presentation were assessed. The data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software at significance level p-value &lt;0.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>25% and 75% of CBZ and IBZ patients, respectively, had history of presyncope or syncope before stroke. On vascular evaluation, 3.9% and 51.9% were in MCA and ICA stenosis group, respectively. Evidence of cardio embolism was found in 17.3% of patients. 53.3% of CBZ and 53.8% of IBZ patients were in ICA stenosis group, and 6.7% of CBZ and 7.7% of IBZ patients were in MCA stenosis group, with a statistically insignificant relation (p-value &gt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Association of BI with events causing hypotension or hypovolemia is well-established in our study, association of BI with large vessel atherosclerosis is common, and its contribution to CBZ and IBZ seems to be equal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_248_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T03:00:25Z","timestamp":1695783625000},"page":"761-765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Etiopathology, Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Border Zone Strokes"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Divyang","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Santokba Durlabji Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Bhutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Santokba Durlabji Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop Ranjan","family":"Varma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Santokba Durlabji Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunwar Karni","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Santokba Durlabji Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Santokba Durlabji Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Bhargava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Santokba Durlabji Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000155727.82242.e1","article-title":"The pathophysiology of watershed infarction in internal carotid artery disease: Review of cerebral perfusion studies","volume":"36","author":"Momjian-Mayor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R2-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.315105014","article-title":"Border zone infarcts: Pathophysiologic and imaging characteristics","volume":"31","author":"Rajiv","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"R3-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(69)90078-1","article-title":"Ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases in an autopsy series Part 2. Prevalence, location, pathogenesis, and clinical course of cerebral infarcts","volume":"9","author":"J\u00f6rgensen","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R4-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444317008.ch7","article-title":"Borderzone cerebral infarction","volume":"1","author":"Leung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Neurol"},{"key":"R5-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf047","article-title":"Variability of cerebral blood volume and oxygen extraction: Stages of cerebral haemodynamic impairment revisited","volume":"125","author":"Derdeyn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R6-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1538","article-title":"The acetazolamide challenge: Techniques and applications in the evaluation of chronic cerebral ischemia","volume":"30","author":"Vagal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R7-20260512","first-page":"466","article-title":"Akinetic mutism after right internal watershed infarction","volume":"48","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"R8-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.3.373","article-title":"Unilateral watershed cerebral infarcts","volume":"36","author":"Bogousslavsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R9-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.9.1117","article-title":"Clinical and hemodynamic aspects of low-flow infarcts","volume":"22","author":"Weiller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R10-20260512","first-page":"1556","article-title":"Hemodynamic aspect of cerebral watershed infarction: Assessment of perfusion reserve using iodine-123-lodoamphetamine SPECT","volume":"38","author":"Moriwaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"R11-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000202590.75972.39","article-title":"Internal and cortical border-zone infarction: Clinical and diffusion-weighted imaging features","volume":"37","author":"Yong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R12-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0947-6","article-title":"Clinical features and the degree of cerebrovascular stenosis in different types and subtypes of cerebral watershed infarction","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"R13-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-018-0008-0","article-title":"Cerebral border zone infarction: An etiological study","volume":"54","author":"El-Gammal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg"},{"key":"R14-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.016","article-title":"The pathophysiology of watershed infarction: A three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography study","volume":"26","author":"Weill","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R15-20260512","first-page":"bcr2014204995","article-title":"Multiple territory watershed infarcts following spinal anaesthesia","volume":"2014","author":"Abkur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep"},{"key":"R16-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2009.00458.x","article-title":"Internal border zone lesions as a predictor of early neurological deterioration in minor stroke patients with severe arterial steno-occlusion","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"R17-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290302","article-title":"Cerebral hemodynamics in ischemic cerebrovascular disease","volume":"29","author":"Powers","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R18-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.11.2095","article-title":"Long-term changes of hemodynamics and metabolism after carotid artery occlusion","volume":"54","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R19-20260512","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Measurement of time-to-peak parameter by use of a new standardization method in patients with stenotic or occlusive disease of the carotid artery","volume":"22","author":"Na\u0161el","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R20-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220606","article-title":"Borderzone ischemia","volume":"22","author":"Leblanc","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R21-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.1.118","article-title":"Cerebral hemispheric low-flow infarcts in arterial occlusive disease: Lesion patterns and angiomorphological conditions","volume":"28","author":"Mull","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R22-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000015862","article-title":"Internal borderzone infarction in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Gandolfo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R23-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2586(199901)9:1<1::AID-JMRI1>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Assessment of borderzone ischemia with a combined MR imaging-MR angiography-MR spectroscopy protocol","volume":"9","author":"Van der Grond","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"R24-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1159\/000111998","article-title":"The cortical involvement of territorial infarcts as a risk factor for stroke-related seizures","volume":"25","author":"De Reuck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R25-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.06.002","article-title":"Etiologic subtypes of watershed infarcts","volume":"24","author":"Sorgun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"}],"container-title":["Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aian.aian_248_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:25:33Z","timestamp":1786724733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aian.aian_248_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aian.aian_248_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-2327","1998-3549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-2327","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3549","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-23","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}