{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:43:19Z","timestamp":1792417399893,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We describe recurrent intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) in a 22-year-old man with intellectual disability and seizures. One year after his first seizure, he presented for evaluation of a second seizure and was found to have an acute left frontal ICH on computed tomography (CT). Cerebral angiography demonstrated venous stasis of unclear etiology. One month after discharge, he was readmitted with a new right frontal ICH and subsequently developed additional bilateral frontal hemorrhages. Repeat angiography demonstrated persistent contrast opacification in the late venous phase, indicating venous congestion. Evaluation for coagulopathy revealed incidental inguinal lymphadenopathy on CT, and biopsy-confirmed sarcoidosis. Brain biopsy showed non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation consistent with neurosarcoidosis. ICH in neurosarcoidosis is extremely rare. The proposed mechanism is meningovascular granulomatous infiltration causing venous congestion and stasis, leading to venous infarction with hemorrhagic conversion. This case highlights neurosarcoidosis as an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of recurrent ICH associated with venous abnormalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_319_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T13:00:09Z","timestamp":1789218009000},"page":"863-866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple Intracranial Hemorrhages with Venous Stagnation on Cerebral Angiogram in Neurosarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Haque","family":"Shakil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeina","family":"Morcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"LeDoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Teron-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Richmond Hill, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"Lim-Hing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, South Shore University Hospital, Bay Shore, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneh P","family":"Munder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin M","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, South Shore University Hospital, Bay Shore, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.29245\/2572.942X\/2018\/4.1190","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis","volume":"3","author":"Tetikkurt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neuromedicine"},{"key":"R2-20261019","first-page":"535672","article-title":"Incidence of stroke in young adults: A review","author":"Marini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke Res Treat 2011"},{"key":"R3-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8475","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238475","article-title":"When stroke strikes early: unusual causes of intracerebral hemorrhage in young adults","volume":"14","author":"Urfy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R4-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0096-x","article-title":"Sarcoidosis","volume":"5","author":"Grunewald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R5-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2101555","article-title":"Challenges of sarcoidosis and its management","volume":"385","author":"Drent","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R6-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13629","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: Epidemiology and clinical insights","volume":"293","author":"Rossides","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"R7-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000715","article-title":"Sarcoidosis epidemiology: Recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors","volume":"26","author":"Arkema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"R8-20261019","first-page":"736","article-title":"Joint statement of the ATS, ERS and WASOG","volume":"160","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R9-20261019","first-page":"19","article-title":"The WASOG Sarcoidosis Organ Assessment Instrument: An update of a previous clinical tool","volume":"31","author":"Judson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"R10-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-021-00161-w","article-title":"Sarcoidosis diagnosis and monitoring for the pulmonologist","volume":"7","author":"Melani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulm Ther"},{"key":"R11-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2295","article-title":"Definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for neurosarcoidosis: From the neurosarcoidosis consortium consensus group","volume":"75","author":"Stern","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R12-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9001-x","article-title":"Clinical, imaging, and histological presentations and outcomes of stroke related to sarcoidosis","volume":"265","author":"Jachiet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R13-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0741-x","article-title":"Clinical features, treatment and outcome in neurosarcoidosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Fritz","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"R14-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint14030052","article-title":"Relevance of medullary vein sign in neurosarcoidosis","volume":"14","author":"Liberio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"key":"R15-20261019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5783","article-title":"Engorgement of deep medullary veins in neurosarcoidosis","volume":"39","author":"Zamora","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aian.aian_319_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:02:22Z","timestamp":1792414942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aian.aian_319_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aian.aian_319_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-2327","1998-3549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-2327","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3549","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-20","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-02","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}