{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:27:34Z","timestamp":1786728454506,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study the neurological manifestations of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD 65) autoimmunity in Indian patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care referral hospital in South India. Patients who tested positive for GAD 65 antibodies from February 2013 to July 2019 were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 922 patients who underwent GAD 65 testing, of which 81 tested positive (8.78%) [mean age 55.42 years (SD 17.39, range 9\u201386 years, median age 57 years)]. Males (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 47) outnumbered the females (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 34). All the GAD values measured were &lt;5000 IU\/ml. There were 34 cases (42%) of atypical parkinsonism (16\/34, 47% fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for autoimmune atypical parkinsonism) in our series forming the most common group with GAD 65 positivity, followed by autoimmune encephalitis (8 cases, 9.88%). Men were more affected with atypical parkinsonism (22\/34; 64.70%), stiff person syndrome (2\/3; 66.66%), and neuropathy (4\/7; 57.1%) while women were more with autoimmune encephalitis (6\/8; 75%). Eighteen (22.6%) had underlying autoimmunity (three had type 1 diabetes mellitus). Six (7.4%) had underlying neoplasm. Thirty-three out of 43 patients responded to immunotherapy (76.74%). Five had spontaneous improvement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glutamic acid decarboxylase65 antibody values were much lower in our study population. Male-dominant autoimmunity was seen unlike that in Western literature. The most striking was the high preponderance of atypical parkinsonism in GAD 65-positive patients. We also found that GAD 65 positivity is a useful marker for a positive response to immunotherapy in suspected autoimmune neurological syndromes irrespective of their titers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_392_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T09:04:16Z","timestamp":1698224656000},"page":"663-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Neurological Manifestations of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoimmunity in Indian Patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Meena","family":"Thevarkalam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Viswavidyapeetham University, Kochi, Kerala, 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