{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:47:24Z","timestamp":1789163244382,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Movement disorders may be one of the neurological manifestations of demyelinating disorders. They can manifest in Parkinsonism or a wide spectrum of hyperkinetic movement disorders including tremor, paroxysmal dyskinesia, dystonia, chorea, and ballism. Some of these disorders occur during an acute episode of demyelination, whereas others can develop later or even may precede the onset of the demyelinating disorders. The pathophysiology of movement disorders in demyelination is complex and the current evidence indicates a wide involvement of different brain networks and spinal cord. Treatment is mainly symptomatic and oral pharmacological agents are the mainstay of the management. Botulinum toxin and neurosurgical interventions may be required in selected patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_64_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T07:34:04Z","timestamp":1654673644000},"page":"821-831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Movement Disorder in Demyelinating Disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.007","article-title":"Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases","volume":"328","author":"Mehanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R2-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.03.001","article-title":"Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica:A clinical marker of neurological disability","volume":"51","author":"Candeias da Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R3-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52014-2.00023-9","article-title":"Movement disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Shneyder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"R4-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000560","article-title":"Movement disorders in early MS and related diseases:A prospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Abboud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"R5-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100722","article-title":"Tremor in multiple sclerosis-an overview and future perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Makhoul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"R6-14-20240828","first-page":"554","article-title":"Histologie de la scle ' rose en plaques","volume":"41","author":"Charcot","year":"1868","journal-title":"Gazette Ho pitaux"},{"key":"R7-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006714","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006714","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of tremor in the NARCOMS multiple sclerosis registry:A cross-sectional survey","volume":"5","author":"Rinker","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R8-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.6.756","article-title":"Evaluation of three different ways of assessing tremor in multiple sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Alusi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R9-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20227","article-title":"Prevalence of tremor in multiple sclerosis and associated disability in the olmsted county population","volume":"19","author":"Pittock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R10-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2016-0053","article-title":"Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis and their treatment","volume":"6","author":"Deuschl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag"},{"key":"R11-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.2.1045","article-title":"The natural history of multiple sclerosis:A geographically based study. 3. Multivariate analysis of predictive factors and models of outcome","volume":"114","author":"Weinshenker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R12-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01984.x","article-title":"A patient with multiple sclerosis presenting with Holmes'tremor","volume":"15","author":"Yerdelen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R13-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0296-7","article-title":"Tremor in multiple sclerosis","volume":"254","author":"Koch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R14-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000176521.26971.58","article-title":"Relationship between multiple sclerosis intention tremor severity and lesion load in brainstem","volume":"16","author":"Feys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"R15-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1798-4","article-title":"Tremor in multiple sclerosis is associated with cerebello-thalamic pathology","volume":"124","author":"Boonstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"R16-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870080218","article-title":"MR imaging findings of tremors associated with lesions in cerebellar outflow tracts:Report of two cases","volume":"8","author":"Nakamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R17-14-20240828","first-page":"I3","article-title":"The management of tremor","volume":"72","author":"Bain","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R18-14-20240828","first-page":"33","article-title":"Dentate lesions for involuntary movement","volume":"66","author":"Hitchcock","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc Med"},{"key":"R19-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00006-4","article-title":"Influence of visual and pro- prioceptive afferences on upper limb ataxia in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"163","author":"Quintern","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R20-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.8.1576","article-title":"Stereotactic lesional surgery for the treatment of tremor in multiple sclerosis a prospective case-controlled study","volume":"124","author":"Alusi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R21-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.84.2.0203","article-title":"Chronic electrical stimulation of the ventralis intermedius nucleus of the thalamus as a treatment of movement disorders","volume":"84","author":"Benabid","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R22-14-20240828","first-page":"558","article-title":"Treatment responsive Holmes tremor:Case report and literature review","volume":"10","author":"Alqwaifly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci Qassim Univ"},{"key":"R23-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12560","article-title":"Comparison of the fahn-tolosa-marin clinical rating scale and the essential tremor rating assessment scale","volume":"5","author":"Ondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"R24-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120624","article-title":"Analysis of action tremor and impaired control of movement velocity in multiple sclerosis during visually guided wrist tracking tasks","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R26-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.8.868","article-title":"Assessing the tremor severity","volume":"56","author":"Bain","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R27-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2017-024","article-title":"Upper limb intention tremor in multiple sclerosis an evidence-based review of assessment and treatment","volume":"20","author":"McCreary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"key":"R28-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2014.04.001","article-title":"Improvement of multiple sclerosis-associated tremor as a treatment effect of natalizumab","volume":"3","author":"Rinker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"R29-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285614540361","article-title":"Isoniazid in autoimmunity:A trigger for multiple sclerosis?","volume":"7","author":"Nourbakhsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"R30-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14403","article-title":"Efficacy of levetiracetam on upper limb movement in multiple sclerosis patients with cerebellar signs:A multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"27","author":"Solaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R31-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000363","article-title":"Systematic review:Efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders:Report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American academy of neurology","volume":"82","author":"Koppel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R32-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26142","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for movement disorders","volume":"30","author":"Kluger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R33-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507078399","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation improves cerebellar tremor and dysphagia in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Marrosu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"key":"R34-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000172343.45110.79","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation effects on cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Marrosu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R35-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61329-3","article-title":"Long-term outcome after thalamotomy for movement disorders in multiple sclerosis","volume":"352","author":"Hooper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R36-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002173420703","article-title":"A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor","volume":"342","author":"Schuurman","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R37-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1848-0","article-title":"Tremor reduction and quality of life after deep brain stimulation for multiple sclerosis-associated tremor","volume":"155","author":"Zakaria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"R38-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03626.x","article-title":"Surgical therapy for multiple sclerosis tremor:A 12-year follow-up study","volume":"19","author":"Hassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R39-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.09.008","article-title":"Thalamotomy verses thalamic stimulation for multiple sclerosis tremor","volume":"12","author":"Bittar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R40-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316302","article-title":"Functional lesional neurosurgery for tremor:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Schreglmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R41-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91175-T","article-title":"Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus","volume":"337","author":"Benabid","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R42-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199510000-00011","article-title":"Outcome after stereotactic thalamotomy for parkinsonian, essential, and other types of tremor","volume":"37","author":"Jankovic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R43-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690801971667","article-title":"Prospective randomized 1-year follow-up comparison of bilateral subthalamotomy versus bilateral subthalamic stimulation and the combination of both in Parkinson's disease patients:A pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Merello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R44-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2011.65.291-294","article-title":"Quality of life in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Sehanovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Arh"},{"key":"R45-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04841-4","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy as a safe treatment option in multiple sclerosis patients with essential tremor","volume":"42","author":"Gagliardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R46-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1984.04050180069020","article-title":"Paroxysmal dystonia as the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Berger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R47-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30074-7","article-title":"Expecting exoskeletons for more than spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"Burton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R48-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.1.149","article-title":"Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis of mount and reback","volume":"65","author":"Tibbles","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R49-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.09.014","article-title":"Paroxysmal movement disorders","volume":"33","author":"Waln","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"R50-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100403","article-title":"Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Tranchant","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R51-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.7.680","article-title":"Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis. An entity within the paroxysmal choreoathetosis syndrome. Description of 10 cases, including 1 autopsied","volume":"17","author":"Kertesz","year":"1967","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R52-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1984.04050180069020","article-title":"Paroxysmal dystonia as the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Berger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R53-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659805","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.659805","article-title":"Treatable Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders Not to Be Missed","volume":"12","author":"M\u00e9neret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R54-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517702555","article-title":"Clinical commentary on \u201cParoxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia-like phenotype in multiple sclerosis\u201dand \u201cSecondary paroxysmal dyskinesia in multiple sclerosis:Clinical-radiological features and treatment. Case report of seven patients\u201d","volume":"23","author":"Pare\u00e9s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R55-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.38.6.617","article-title":"Paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Matthews","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R56-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.16055","article-title":"Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia as the presenting and only manifestation of multiple sclerosis after eighteen months of follow-up","volume":"10","author":"Baguma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"key":"R57-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2018.3.20190025","article-title":"Paroxysmal dystonia as an initial presentation of multiple sclerosis posing a diagnostic challenge","volume":"24","author":"Dehailan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"key":"R58-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199903)14:2<331::AID-MDS1020>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Anatomic correlates of painful tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Spissu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R59-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.03.001","article-title":"Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica:A clinical marker of neurological disability","volume":"51","author":"Da Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R60-14-20240828","first-page":"18S","article-title":"Scltrose en plaques avec tremblement ctrkbelleux, parkinsonien et hemiballismus. La forme hypothalamo ptdonculaire de la sckrose en plaques","volume":"46","author":"Guillain","year":"1930","journal-title":"Bull Soc Med Hop Paris"},{"key":"R61-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/81.2.193","article-title":"Tonic seizures in disseminated sclerosis","volume":"81","author":"Matthews","year":"1958","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R62-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.33.4.528","article-title":"Treatment of paroxysmal disorders in multiple sclerosis with carbamazepine (Tegretol)","volume":"33","author":"Espir","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R63-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-2-348","article-title":"New onset neuromyelitis optica in a young Nigerian woman with possible antiphospholipid syndrome:A case report","volume":"2","author":"Komolafe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"R64-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.07.014","article-title":"Rethinking the importance of paroxysmal and unusual symptoms as first clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis:They do matter","volume":"9","author":"Ehling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"R65-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12321","article-title":"Spinal Movement disorders in neuromyelitis optica:An under-recognized phenomenon","volume":"3","author":"Abboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract"},{"key":"R66-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285608095119","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal dyskinesias revisited","volume":"1","author":"Unterberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"R67-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2017.12.007","article-title":"Paroxysmal dyskinesias","volume":"25","author":"McGuire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R68-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.832","article-title":"Association between paroxysmal tonic spasms and neuromyelitis optica","volume":"69","author":"Usmani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R69-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102408","article-title":"Painful tonic spasm in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder:Prevalence, subtype, and features","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"R70-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1962.00450220035006","article-title":"Tonic seizures as a manifestation of multiple scerlosis","volume":"6","author":"Joynt","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R71-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10178","article-title":"Secondary paroxysmal dyskinesias","volume":"17","author":"Blakeley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R72-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.6_Part_2.18","article-title":"Painful tonic seizures in multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Toyokura","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neurology (Minneap"},{"key":"R73-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530160097021","article-title":"Internal capsule plaque and tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Maimone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R74-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720100070","article-title":"Paroxysmal dystonia with thalamic lesion in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Zenzola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R75-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.112","article-title":"Painful tonic spasm in Neuromyelitis optica","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R76-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.05.007","article-title":"Letter to the Editor:Tonic spasms in acute transverse myelitis","volume":"16","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R77-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R78-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710002401X","article-title":"Painful tonic seizures in multiple sclerosis:Localization of a lesion","volume":"6","author":"Watson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R79-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.2137","article-title":"Short myelitis lesions in aquaporin-4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum","volume":"72","author":"Flanagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R80-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.12.048","article-title":"Etiological, clinical, and radiological features of longitudinally extensive myelopathy in Chinese patients","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R81-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14654","article-title":"Myelitis in inflammatory disorders associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody and aquaporin-4 antibody:A comparative study in Chinese Han patients","volume":"28","author":"ZhangBao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R82-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.38.2.191","article-title":"Treatment with acetazolamide of brain-stem and spinal paroxysmal disturbances in multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Voiculescu","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R83-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517702968","article-title":"Secondary paroxysmal dyskinesia in multiple sclerosis:Clinical-radiological features and treatment. Case report of seven patients","volume":"23","author":"Ciampi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R84-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02335754","article-title":"Carbamazepine for paroxysmal dystonia due to spinal cord lesions","volume":"14","author":"Sghirlanzoni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ital J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R85-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine1962.30.373","article-title":"Two cases of multiple sclerosis with painful tonic seizures and dysesthesia ameliorated by the administration of mexiletine","volume":"30","author":"Okada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Jpn J Med"},{"key":"R86-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.07.011","article-title":"Successful treatment of paroxysmal tonic spasms with topiramate in a patient with neuromyelitis optica","volume":"4","author":"Iida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"R87-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000080081.74117.E4","article-title":"Botulinum toxin treatment of painful tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Restivo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R88-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2000.t01-1-00110.x","article-title":"Symptomatic paroxysmal hemidystonia due to a demyelinating subthalamic lesion","volume":"7","author":"Fontoura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R89-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2000.t01-1-00120.x","article-title":"Hemidystonia secondary to cervical demyelinating lesions","volume":"7","author":"Y\u00fccesan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R90-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-9-201111010-00024","article-title":"Pharyngeal painful tonic spasms:Paroxysmal painful swallowing","volume":"155","author":"Restivo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R91-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03189.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin improves dysphagia associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Restivo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R92-14-20240828","first-page":"133","article-title":"Sur un cas de sclkrose en plaques avec torticolis spasmodique","volume":"40","author":"Guillain","year":"1933","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R93-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.02.021","article-title":"Corticosteroid-responsive torticollis as a presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis","volume":"340","author":"Berger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R94-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2018.05.005","article-title":"Cervical dystonia in a case of longstanding secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"175","author":"Cavallieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revue Neurol"},{"key":"R95-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870040413","article-title":"Spasmodic torticollis due to a midbrain lesion in a case of multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Plant","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R96-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810368995","article-title":"Torticollis as the only manifestation of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"25","author":"Har-Gil","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R97-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1250","article-title":"Poststreptococcal acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with basal ganglia involvement and auto-reactive antibasal ganglia antibodies","volume":"50","author":"Dale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R98-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811410882","article-title":"Paroxysmal dystonia as a rare initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R99-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92669-6","article-title":"The catatonic syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Gelenberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R100-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770050043006","article-title":"Catatonia. A prospective clinical study","volume":"33","author":"Abrams","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R101-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2190\/9JBU-07JC-2VKN-B84G","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis presenting as catatonia","volume":"29","author":"Mendez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"R102-14-20240828","first-page":"357","article-title":"Catatonic syndrome in a general psychiatric inpatient population:Frequency, clinical population, and response to lorazepam","volume":"51","author":"Rosebush","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R103-14-20240828","first-page":"518","article-title":"[Oculo-palatal myoclonus and multiple sclerosis]","volume":"146","author":"Revol","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Neurol Paris"},{"key":"R104-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2013.06.003","article-title":"Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Oakes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"R105-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.11.1086","article-title":"Propriospinal myoclonus in multiple sclerosis","volume":"55","author":"Kapoor","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R106-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1986.00520100039012","article-title":"Segmental myoclonus clinical and pharmacologic study","volume":"43","author":"Jankovic","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R107-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.01.010","article-title":">Sleep-related disorders and their relationship with MRI findings in multiple sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Foschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R108-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2005.11.008","article-title":"Segmental myoclonus as the presenting symptom of an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis:A case report","volume":"10","author":"Kabakus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R109-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102862","article-title":"Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome in a postpartum period","volume":"50","author":"Adhikari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"R110-14-20240828","first-page":"289","article-title":"Hyperexcitability of pathologically myelinated axons and positive symptoms in multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Rasminsky","year":"1981","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"R111-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.10.1633","article-title":"Coincidence of myoclonus and multiple sclerosis:Dramatic response to clonazepam","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R112-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.09.006","article-title":"Tizanidine for the treatment of intention myoclonus:A case series","volume":"85","author":"Mukand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R113-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.4.457","article-title":"Amelioration of spinal myoclonus with levetiracetam","volume":"73","author":"Keswani","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R114-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14035","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates myoclonus stemming from protein misfolding in oligodendrocytes","volume":"142","author":"Southwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"R115-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.48.565.657","article-title":"Facial myokymia:A clue to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"De Silva","year":"1972","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"R116-14-20240828","first-page":"315","article-title":"[Hemicontracture and facial myokimia as the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis]","volume":"157","author":"Dupeyron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R117-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3135","article-title":"Continuous facial myokymia in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Clay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"R118-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880141102","article-title":"Facial and limb myokymia","volume":"14","author":"Gutmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R119-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1159\/000114706","article-title":"Facial myokymia","volume":"13","author":"Rad\u00fc","year":"1975","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"R120-14-20240828","first-page":"583","article-title":"[Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in a case of facial myokymia with multiple sclerosis]","volume":"37","author":"Kojima","year":"1985","journal-title":"No To Shinkei"},{"key":"R121-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.11.001","article-title":"Continuous hemifacial myokymia as the revealing symptom of demyelinating disease of the CNS","volume":"11","author":"London","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disorders"},{"key":"R122-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000163","article-title":"Facial myokymia and hemifacial spasm in multiple sclerosis:A descriptive study on clinical features and treatment outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Collazo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"R123-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5582\/irdr.2020.01009","article-title":"Multiphasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and differential with early onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Stokes Brackett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intractable Rare Dis Res"},{"key":"R124-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2004.07.006","article-title":"Spastic paretic hemifacial contracture (SPHC) in a patient with multiple sclerosis. A clinical, EMG and neuroimaging study","volume":"34","author":"Sarrigiannis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"R125-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508090668","article-title":"Spastic paretic hemifacial contracture in multiple sclerosis:A neglected clinical and EMG entity","volume":"14","author":"Koutsis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R126-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870170100022","article-title":"Hemifacial spasm. Occurrence in multiple sclerosis","volume":"117","author":"Telischi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R127-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410040202","article-title":"Hemifacial Spasm:Hemifacial spasm and the facial nucleus","volume":"4","author":"Wartenberg","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R128-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.37897\/RJN.2020.2.11","article-title":"Hemiballismus and choreoathetosis as a relapse in multiple sclerosis:A case report and review of literature","volume":"19","author":"Nikseresht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ro J Neurol"},{"key":"R129-14-20240828","first-page":"171","article-title":"[Ballism as a rare form of hyperkinetic movement disorder]","volume":"66","author":"Zagrajek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wiad Lek"},{"key":"R130-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6188-5","article-title":"Symptomatic paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis as primary manifestation of multiple sclerosis","volume":"259","author":"Zittel,","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol"},{"key":"R131-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.7.657-a","article-title":"Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis as presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Roos","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R132-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00016-4","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for other tremors, myoclonus, and chorea","volume":"116","author":"Starr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"R133-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5607.738","article-title":"Involuntary movements in multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Sarkari","year":"1968","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"R134-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(85)90065-4","article-title":"Choreoathetosis in multiple sclerosis","volume":"87","author":"Taff","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"R135-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.102.6.1137","article-title":"Successful long-term deep brain stimulation for hemichorea-hemiballism in a patient with diabetes. Case report","volume":"102","author":"Nakano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R136-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508094883","article-title":"Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis:Causal or coincidental association?","volume":"14","author":"Nociti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R137-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458502ms829oa","article-title":"Brazilian committee for treatment and research in multiple sclerosis. Simple phonic tic in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Lana-Peixoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R138-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01639.x","article-title":"Reduced white matter connectivity in the corpus callosum of children with Tourette syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Plessen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R140-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900016564","article-title":"Current status of cannabis treatment of multiple sclerosis with an illustrative case presentation of a patient with MS, complex vocal tics, paroxysmal dystonia, and marijuana dependence treated with dronabinol","volume":"13","author":"Deutsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"R141-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2011000200007","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome and multiple sclerosis:A Brazilian multicenter study and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"69","author":"Fragoso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"R142-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22431","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis:A case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Deriu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R143-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03873.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and restless legs syndrome:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Schurks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R144-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102176","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome, sleep quality, and perceived cognitive impairment in adults with multiple sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Cederberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"R146-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.01.017","article-title":"Guidelines for the first-line treatment of restless legs syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease, prevention and treatment of dopaminergic augmentation:A combined task force of the IRLSSG, EURLSSG, and the RLS-foundation","volume":"21","author":"Garcia-Borreguero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R147-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3531-y","article-title":"Parkinsonism and multiple sclerosis, what is behind?","volume":"39","author":"Uysal Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R148-14-20240828","first-page":"S104","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis presenting with parkinsonism","volume":"7","author":"Wittstock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R149-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120643","article-title":"Remitting parkinsonism as a symptom of multiple sclerosis and the associated magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"12","author":"Federlein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R150-14-20240828","first-page":"88","article-title":"Parkinsonism associated with multiple sclerosis:A report of eight new cases and a review on the literature","volume":"13","author":"Etemadifar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Neurol"},{"key":"R151-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.09.026","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis exceptionally presenting as parkinsonism responds to intravenous methylprednisolone","volume":"17","author":"Saidha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R152-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110426","article-title":"A case of parkinsonism associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Burn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R153-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070416","article-title":"Parkinsonism in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Vieregge","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R154-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2008.03.019","article-title":"Parkinsonism and multiple sclerosis-Is there association?","volume":"110","author":"Barun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"R155-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0570-5","article-title":"Unexpected aggravation of Parkinson's disease by a mesencephalic multiple sclerosis lesion","volume":"251","author":"Kreisler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R156-14-20240828","first-page":"818","article-title":"Movement disorders with multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Kamphorst","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R157-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1065","article-title":"Case with both multiple system atrophy and primary progressive multiple sclerosis with discussion of the difficulty in their differential diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Chuang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R158-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.08.015","article-title":"Multiple system atrophy masking multiple sclerosis","volume":"112","author":"Finke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"R159-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459608986696","article-title":"Reversal of an acute Parkinsonian syndrome associated with multiple sclerosis by application of weak electromagnetic fields","volume":"86","author":"Sandyk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"R160-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1038-8","article-title":"Role of eye movement examination and subjective visual vertical in clinical evaluation of multiple sclerosis","volume":"250","author":"Serra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R161-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1325.058","article-title":"Abnormal eye movements predict disability in MS:Two-year follow-up","volume":"1039","author":"Derwenskus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R162-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)00992-0","article-title":"The neuro-ophthalmology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Frohman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R163-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2004.00278.x","article-title":"Internuclear ophthalmoplegia:Causes and long-term follow-up in 65 patients","volume":"110","author":"Bolanos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R164-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2299","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007499","article-title":"Diagnosing and quantifying a common deficit in multiple sclerosis:Inter- nuclear ophthalmoplegia","volume":"92","author":"Nij Bijvank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R165-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073818807787","article-title":"Subclinical saccadic eye movement dysfunction in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Yousef","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R166-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.3.200","article-title":"Abnormalities of horizontal gaze:Clinical, oculographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings, II:Gaze palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia","volume":"53","author":"Bronstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat"},{"key":"R168-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518771872","article-title":"Ocular flutter as presenting manifestation of pediatric MOG antibody-associated demyelination:A case report","volume":"25","author":"Breza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R169-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.7.614","article-title":"Subclinical eye movement disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Solingen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R170-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(89)80032-0","article-title":"The contribution of saccadic eye movements analysis, visual and auditory evoked responses to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Costanzo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"R171-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.5.688","article-title":"Ocular contrapulsion in multiple sclerosis:Clinical features and pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"70","author":"Frohman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R172-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(91)90062-C","article-title":"Saccade metrics in multiple sclerosis:Versional velocity disconjugacy as the best clue?","volume":"102","author":"Ventre","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R173-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(03)00027-3","article-title":"A new measure of dysconjugacy in INO:The first-pass amplitude","volume":"210","author":"Frohman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R174-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00142624","article-title":"Nystagmography as a diagnostic tool in multiple sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Vliet","year":"1979","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R175-14-20240828","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eye Movement evaluation in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease using a standardized oculomotor and neuro-ophthalmic disorder assessment (SONDA)","volume":"11","author":"Grillani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R176-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13096","article-title":"Treatment of internuclear ophthalmoparesis in multiple sclerosis with fampridine:A randomized double-blind, placebo- controlled cross-over trial CNS","volume":"25","author":"Kanhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"R177-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00206","article-title":"Impairment of smooth pursuit as a marker of early multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Lizak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R178-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/102.4.817","article-title":"Quantitative studies of saccadic and pursuit eye movements in multiple sclerosis","volume":"102","author":"Mastaglia","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R179-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2010.03.006","article-title":"Eye movement abnormalities in multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Prasad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"R180-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1985.tb01547.x","article-title":"Late onset multiple sclerosis. A clinical study of 16 pathologically proven cases","volume":"72","author":"Caen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R181-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.3.262","article-title":"Acquired pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis:Clinical observations and the role of optic neuropathy","volume":"56","author":"Barton","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R182-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513479840","article-title":"Persistent visual impairment in multiple sclerosis:Prevalence, mechanisms and resulting disability","volume":"19","author":"Jasse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"R183-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000367","article-title":"Experimental tests of a neural-network model for ocular oscillations caused by disease of central myelin","volume":"133","author":"Das","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"R184-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.5.431","article-title":"Acquired pendular nystagmus:Its characteristics, localising value and pathophysiology","volume":"45","author":"Gresty","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R185-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200105250-00021","article-title":"Optokinetic reflex dysfunction in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Todd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"R186-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000324","article-title":"Damping of monocular pendular nystagmus with vibration in a patient with multiple sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Beh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R187-14-20240828","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Eye disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis:Natural history and management","volume":"4","author":"Graves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R188-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.3.304","article-title":"Downbeat nystagmus:A type of central vestibular nystagmus","volume":"31","author":"Baloh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R189-14-20240828","first-page":"534","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis:Review of eye movement disorders and update of disease-modifying therapies","volume":"26","author":"Amezcuaa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R190-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19950901-09","article-title":"The treatment of congenital nystagmus with Botox","volume":"32","author":"Carruthers","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"R191-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-019-01018-4","article-title":"Comparison of ocular motor findings between neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis involving the brainstem and cerebellum","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"R192-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488809125051","article-title":"Positional nystagmus","volume":"455","author":"Rosenhall","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl"},{"key":"R193-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1159\/000117044","article-title":"See-saw nystagmus in a patient with clinically definite MS","volume":"34","author":"Samkoff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"R194-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.64.12.923","article-title":"Mechanism of rotatory eye movements in opsoclonus","volume":"64","author":"Gresty","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Ophtalmol"},{"key":"R196-14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.983465","article-title":"Speedy eye movements in multiple sclerosis:Association with performance on visual and nonvisual cognitive tests","volume":"37","author":"Roberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aian.aian_64_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:59:13Z","timestamp":1787756353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aian.aian_64_22"}},"subtitle":["Tracing the Charcot's Foot Print"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aian.aian_64_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-2327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-2327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}}}