{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:23:31Z","timestamp":1787847811745,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although acquired manganese neurotoxicity has been widely reported since its first description in 1837 and is popularly referred to as \u201cmanganism,\u201d inherited disorders of manganese homeostasis have received the first genetic signature as recently as 2012. These disorders, predominantly described in children and adolescents, involve mutations in three manganese transporter genes, i.e.,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SLC30A10<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SLC39A14<\/jats:italic>\n                      which lead to manganese overload, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SLC39A8<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which leads to manganese deficiency. Both disorders of inherited hypermanganesemia typically exhibit dystonia and parkinsonism with relatively preserved cognition and are differentiated by the occurrence of polycythemia and liver involvement in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SLC30A10<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated condition. Mutations in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SLC39A8<\/jats:italic>\n                      lead to a congenital disorder of glycosylation which presents with developmental delay, failure to thrive, intellectual impairment, and seizures due to manganese deficiency. Chelation with iron supplementation is the treatment of choice in inherited hypermanganesemia. In this review, we highlight the pathognomonic clinical, laboratory, imaging features and treatment modalities for these rare disorders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_789_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T01:19:41Z","timestamp":1612487981000},"page":"15-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Inherited Manganese Disorders and the 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