{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:19:05Z","timestamp":1787847545794,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-motor symptoms are an essential cause of comorbidity in generalized and focal dystonia. However, there are few studies on dystonia involving the craniofacial regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied non-motor symptoms in patients with oromandibular dystonia (OMD) and Meige syndrome using a questionnaire, and validated instruments for depression, anxiety, REM behaviour disorder, restless leg syndrome, sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, and self-esteem. The severity of dystonia and blepharospasm was also studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nineteen patients with OMD were recruited into the study. Among patients with OMD, depression was seen in 63.6% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7), sleep impairment in 27.3% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3), excessive daytime sleepiness in 27.3% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3), and poor self- esteem in 18.2% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2) of the patients. Among patients with Meige syndrome, depression was seen in 37.5% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3), sleep impairment in 12.5% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1), excessive daytime sleepiness in 25% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2), low self-esteem in 25% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2) of the patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the significant frequency of depression and sleep disturbances in patients with idiopathic OMD and Meige syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  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