{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:27:37Z","timestamp":1791228457963,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n There is no well-established procedure for the management of small penis syndrome (SPS), especially when psychological interventions fail. This study aimed at systematically evaluating the physical and psychological benefits of penile augmentation (PA) using injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) gel. Thirty-eight patients receiving PA with HA gel from January 2017 to March 2020 were included and followed up for 1 year. Penile size, erectile function, and psychological burden measured by the Index of Male Genital Image (IMGI), Index of International Erectile Function (IIEF), and Beliefs about Penis Size (BPAS), respectively, were assessed at the beginning and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postinjection. The volume of HA gel injected was 21.5 \u00b1 3.7 ml. Compared to baseline data, flaccid penile girth and length significantly increased by 3.41 \u00b1 0.95 cm (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01) and 2.55 \u00b1 0.55 cm (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01) at the 1\n st<\/jats:sup>\n month postinjection, respectively. At the endpoint, despite attenuations, statistically significant improvements in flaccid penis size were still obtained, namely 2.44 \u00b1 1.14 cm in girth (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01) and 1.65 \u00b1 0.59 cm in length (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01). Similarly, erectile penile girth statistically increased by 1.32 \u00b1 1.02 cm (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01) at the 1\n st<\/jats:sup>\n month but were only 0.80 \u00b1 0.54 cm bigger than baseline (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01) at the endpoint. At the 1\n st<\/jats:sup>\n month, the average score of IMGI and the mean score of IIEF statistically increased by 46.2 \u00b1 10.5 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01) and 7.6 \u00b1 6.2 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01), respectively; the score of BAPS significantly decreased by 18.3 \u00b1 4.5 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01). These alterations remained steady during follow-up. Considering the significant penile size improvement, lasting psychological benefit, and low complication rate, PA with HA might serve as an appropriate alternative for patients with SPS.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/aja20223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T15:06:42Z","timestamp":1649430402000},"page":"601-606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Penile augmentation with injectable hyaluronic acid gel: an alternative choice for small penis syndrome"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chun-Long","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jun","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100044, 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