{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:27:08Z","timestamp":1786739228045,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Testicular descent occurs in two consecutive stages: the transabdominal stage and the inguinoscrotal stage. Androgens play a crucial role in the second stage by influencing the development of the gubernaculum, a structure that pulls the testis into the scrotum. However, the mechanisms of androgen actions underlying many of the processes associated with gubernaculum development have not been fully elucidated. To identify the androgen-regulated genes, we conducted large-scale gene expression analyses on the gubernaculum harvested from luteinizing hormone\/choriogonadotropin receptor knockout (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lhcgr<\/jats:italic>\n                    KO) mice, an animal model of inguinoscrotal testis maldescent resulting from androgen deficiency. We found that the expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)-related modular calcium binding 1 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Smoc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was the most severely suppressed at both the transcript and protein levels, while its expression was the most dramatically induced by testosterone administration in the gubernacula of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lhcgr<\/jats:italic>\n                    KO mice. The upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Smoc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression by testosterone was curtailed by the addition of an androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies demonstrated that SMOC1 modestly but significantly promoted the proliferation of gubernacular cells. In the cultures of myogenic differentiation medium, both testosterone and SMOC1 enhanced the expression of myogenic regulatory factors such as paired box 7 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pax7<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and myogenic factor 5 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Myf5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). After short-interfering RNA-mediated knocking down of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Smoc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the expression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pax7<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Myf5<\/jats:italic>\n                    diminished, and testosterone alone did not recover, but additional SMOC1 did. These observations indicate that SMOC1 is pivotal in mediating androgen action to regulate gubernaculum development during inguinoscrotal testicular descent.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T07:02:25Z","timestamp":1723186945000},"page":"44-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The SPARC-related modular calcium binding 1 (Smoc1) regulated by androgen is required for mouse gubernaculum development and testicular descent"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zhi-Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Siow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OB\/GYN, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OB\/GYN, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Min","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OB\/GYN, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, 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