{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:17:32Z","timestamp":1791649052045,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    According to the World Health Organization (WHO) manual, sperm concentration should be measured using an improved Neubauer hemocytometer, while sperm motility should be measured by manual assessment. However, in China, thousands of laboratories do not use the improved Neubauer hemocytometer or method; instead, the Makler counting chamber is one of the most widely used chambers. To study sources of error that could impact the measurement of the apparent concentration and motility of sperm using the Makler counting chamber and to verify its accuracy for clinical application, 67 semen samples from patients attending the Department of Andrology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University (Chengdu, China) between 13 September 2023 and 27 September 2023, were included. Compared with applying the cover glass immediately, delaying the application of the cover glass for 5 s, 10 s, and 30 s resulted in average increases in the sperm concentration of 30.3%, 74.1%, and 107.5%, respectively (all\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001) and in the progressive motility (PR) of 17.7%, 30.8%, and 39.6%, respectively (all\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001). However, when the semen specimens were fixed with formaldehyde, a delay in the application of the cover glass for 5 s, 10 s, and 30 s resulted in an average increase in the sperm concentration of 6.7%, 10.8%, and 14.6%, respectively, compared with immediate application of the cover glass. The accumulation of motile sperm due to delays in the application of the cover glass is a significant source of error with the Makler counting chamber and should be avoided.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T06:00:07Z","timestamp":1725343207000},"page":"59-64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Delayed covering causes the accumulation of motile sperm, leading to overestimation of sperm concentration and motility with a Makler counting chamber"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology\/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-Yuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology\/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye-Lin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology\/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology\/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Ting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology\/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Bi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology\/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology\/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu082","article-title":"Semen analysis and prediction of natural conception","volume":"29","author":"Leushuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"R3-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.020","article-title":"Comparison of FACSCount AF system, improved neubauer hemocytometer, corning 254 photometer, spermvision, UltiMate and nucleocounter SP-100 for determination of sperm concentration of boar semen","volume":"66","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"R4-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)43518-1","article-title":"A new chamber for rapid sperm count and motility estimation","volume":"30","author":"Makler","year":"1978","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R5-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)44606-6","article-title":"The improved ten-micrometer chamber for rapid sperm count and motility evaluation","volume":"33","author":"Makler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R6-20250304","first-page":"307","article-title":"Comparison of different counting chambers using a computer-assisted semen analyzer","volume":"61","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med"},{"key":"R7-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/014850101316901361","article-title":"Validation of a new disposable counting chamber","volume":"47","author":"Coetzee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"R8-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)53526-2","article-title":"The influence of chamber characteristics on the reliability of sperm concentration and movement measurements obtained by manual and videomicrographic analysis","volume":"53","author":"Ginsburg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R9-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13494","article-title":"Method agreement between three different chambers for comparative boar semen computer-assisted sperm analysis","volume":"54 Suppl 4","author":"Basioura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"R10-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56226-8","article-title":"Quality assurance for sperm concentration using latex beads","volume":"60","author":"Peters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R11-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0106","article-title":"Influence of chamber type integrated with computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) system on the results of boar semen evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Gaczarzewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"R12-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58043-1","article-title":"Manual versus computer-automated semen analyses. Part I. Comparison of counting chambers","volume":"65","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R13-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00523.x","article-title":"Influence of counting chamber type on CASA outcomes of equine semen analysis","volume":"44","author":"Hoogewijs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"R14-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2020.1850907","article-title":"Comparison of commercially available chamber slides for computer-aided analysis of human sperm","volume":"67","author":"Dardmeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med"},{"key":"R15-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13223","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13223","article-title":"Combined effect of type and capture area of counting chamber and diluent on Holstein bull sperm kinematics","volume":"51","author":"Valverde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"R16-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1984.tb00412.x","article-title":"A statistical comparison of three methods for the counting of human spermatozoa","volume":"16","author":"Menkveld","year":"1984","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"R17-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137068","article-title":"Automated semen analysis shows an increase in sperm concentration and motility with time in Makler chambers having excess sample volume","volume":"5","author":"Yanagida","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"R18-20250304","first-page":"559","article-title":"Delay in the application of the cover glass is a potential source of error with the Makler counting chamber","volume":"72","author":"Matson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R19-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(99)00623-8","article-title":"Potential sources of error with the Makler counting chamber","volume":"73","author":"Makler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R20-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.11.025","article-title":"Fluid dynamic model of invertebrate sperm chemotactic motility with varying calcium inputs","volume":"46","author":"Olson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"R21-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041915","article-title":"Thermotaxis of human sperm cells in extraordinarily shallow temperature gradients over a wide range","volume":"7","author":"Bahat","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R22-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150172","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0172","article-title":"Fluid flow and sperm guidance:a simulation study of hydrodynamic sperm rheotaxis","volume":"12","author":"Ishimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"R23-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.05.015","article-title":"Hydrodynamics of sperm cells near surfaces","volume":"99","author":"Elgeti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"R24-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02211144","article-title":"Evaluating the accuracy of different sperm counting chambers by performing strict counts of photographed beads","volume":"12","author":"Shiran","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"R25-20250304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58587-2","article-title":"Accuracy of semen counting chambers as determined by the use of latex beads","volume":"66","author":"Seaman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R26-20250304","first-page":"471","article-title":"A comparison of Makler counting chamber and improved Neubauer hemocytometer in sperm concentration measurement","volume":"77","author":"Sukcharoen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"}],"container-title":["Asian Journal of Andrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aja202474","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:35:29Z","timestamp":1787844929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/aja202474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aja202474","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-7262","1008-682X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-7262","type":"print"},{"value":"1008-682X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-23","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-10","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}