{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:55:52Z","timestamp":1791222952891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Male infertility has seen an increase in prevalence with cases of azoospermia estimated to affect 10%\u201315% of infertile men. Confirmation of azoospermia subsequently necessitates an early causal differentiation between obstructive azoospermia (OA) and nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Although less common when compared to NOA, OA can represent upward 20%\u201340% of cases of azoospermia. While there are a multitude of etiologies responsible for causing NOA and OA, correctly distinguishing between the two types of azoospermia has profound implications in managing the infertile male. This review represents an amalgamation of the current guidelines and literature which will supply the reproductive physician with a diagnostic armamentarium to properly distinguish between NOA and OA, therefore providing the best possible care to the infertile couple.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T07:00:36Z","timestamp":1726210836000},"page":"298-306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Differentiation between nonobstructive azoospermia and obstructive azoospermia: then and now"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Logan","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202-3450, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amarnath","family":"Rambhatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202-3450, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni M","family":"Colpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology and IVF Center, Next Fertility Procrea, Lugano 6900, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38662-7","article-title":"Evaluation of the azoospermic patient","volume":"142","author":"Jarow","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R2-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx022","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count:a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"23","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"R3-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count:a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries","volume":"29","author":"Levine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"R5-20250512","first-page":"873","article-title":"Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in collaboration with the Society for Male Reproduction and Urology. 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