{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:23:11Z","timestamp":1792174991418,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) represents a relatively rare cause of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), but its knowledge is crucial for the clinical andrologists, as it represents a condition that can be corrected with medical therapy in 3 quarters of cases. There are forms of congenital HH, whether or not associated with an absent sense of smell (anosmic HH or Kallmann syndrome, and normosmic HH, respectively), and forms of acquired HH. In congenital HH, complete absence of pubertal development is characteristic. On the other hand, if the deficit occurs after the time of pubertal development, as in acquired HH patients, infertility and typical symptoms of late-onset hypogonadism are the main reasons for seeking medical assistance. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or gonadotropin replacement therapy is the mainstay of drug therapy and offers excellent results, although a small but significant proportion of patients do not achieve sufficient responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T08:00:09Z","timestamp":1729584009000},"page":"322-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as a cause of NOA and its treatment"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Gianmaria","family":"Salvio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Balercia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ates","family":"Kadioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Andrology, Department of Urology, Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul 34093, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.11.018","article-title":"The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: tales of mice and men","volume":"86","author":"Kaprara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"R2-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03692-8","article-title":"Human pituitary development and application of iPSCs for pituitary disease","volume":"78","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"R3-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00140","article-title":"Testis development","volume":"40","author":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"R4-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00626","article-title":"GnRH deficient patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism:novel genetic findings in ANOS1, RNF216, WDR11, FGFR1, CHD7, and POLR3A genes in a case series and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Neocleous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"R5-20250512","first-page":"1","article-title":"Normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to a novel GNRH1 variant in two siblings","volume":"19","author":"Sagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"key":"R6-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925206","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.925206","article-title":"The role of kisspeptin in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproduction","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"R7-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409330102","article-title":"Kisspeptin directly stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone release via G protein-coupled receptor 54","volume":"102","author":"Messager","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R8-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030387","article-title":"Hormonal treatment of men with nonobstructive azoospermia:what does the evidence suggest?","volume":"10","author":"Caroppo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R9-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0297-205","article-title":"Men homozygous for an inactivating mutation of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor gene present variable suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility","volume":"15","author":"Tapanainen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R10-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2017.04.004","article-title":"Novel FSH\u03b2 mutation in a male patient with isolated FSH deficiency and infertility","volume":"60","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Med Genet"},{"key":"R11-20250512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.1998.118","article-title":"Follitropin (FSH) deficiency in an infertile male due to FSH\u03b2 gene mutation. 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