{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:29:26Z","timestamp":1786649366242,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Male infertility has become a serious issue in reproductive health. Inflammation of male reproductive system is a prevalent factor that influences male fertility. On the one hand, inflammation serves as the innate defense mechanism against injury, infection, and abnormal stimuli; and notably, it plays crucial roles in pathogen elimination, tissue repair, and the maintenance of internal homeostasis. On the other hand, inflammation can adversely affect spermatogenesis and lead to male infertility through oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and cellular damage. In this review, we discuss the categories and etiology of inflammation diseases in male reproductive system and the functions of testicular immune cells,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e.g<\/jats:italic>\n                    ., testicular macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, and Leydig cells, as well as signaling molecules and pathways by inflammation in male reproduction. Understanding these mechanisms may offer targets for therapeutic strategies to improve male fertility outcomes in inflammation-related condition. We also address therapeutic strategies for male reproductive system inflammation, including the use of antibiotics and lifestyle modifications. This review would help us better understand the mechanisms underlying the influence of inflammation on the male reproductive system. More significantly, it could be beneficial for treating inflammatory-related diseases of male reproductive system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/aja2025119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T06:02:04Z","timestamp":1777269724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammation, immune cells, signaling mechanisms, and diseases of male reproductive system"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"Yan-Na","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Basic Medicine, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Cong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Basic Medicine, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Basic Medicine, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Basic Medicine, Changsha 410013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Diseases Research and Translation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University School of Life Sciences and Medical Technology, Haikou 571199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00459-w","article-title":"Male infertility","volume":"9","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R2-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32667-2","article-title":"Male infertility","volume":"397","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.09.026","article-title":"Testicular autoimmunity","volume":"10","author":"Jacobo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"R4-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.38","article-title":"Testicular defense systems:immune privilege and innate immunity","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"R5-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.440","article-title":"Transcription factor Dmrt1 triggers the SPRY1-NF-\u03baB pathway to maintain testicular immune homeostasis and male fertility","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zool Res"},{"key":"R6-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00383-3","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4):new insight immune and aging","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"R7-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp060423","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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