{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:32:37Z","timestamp":1777102357602,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":678,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Avicenna J Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Purpose: The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of cigarette smoking and the association between cigarette smoking and opium use among patients visiting an outpatient clinic in Afghanistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on consecutive patients aged 18 years and older from January 2018 to April 2018. Data on patients\u2019 sociodemographic characteristics and clinical variables were collected using an interview-based survey. Results: Six hundred and twenty-two patients (391males vs. 231 females) were interviewed for this study. The overall prevalence of current smoking was 50.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 46.2\u201354.2). Males were (odds ratio [OR] = 9.5; 95% CI: 5.3\u201317.1) more likely to smoke cigarettes than females. The odds of current cigarette smoking increased with having a family member smoker or a friend smoker (OR =3.3; 95% CI: 2.0\u20135.3). Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with the level of education (illiterate OR = 8.9; 95% CI: 4.0\u201319.8), primary\/private education (OR = 7.8; 95% CI: 3.9\u201315.6), and secondary education (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 2.3\u20138.4), with high school or higher education as the reference group. Rural residents were 3.7 times (95% CI: 2.3\u20136.2) more likely to smoke cigarette than urban residents. Opium users were 23.0 times (95% CI: 12.5\u201342.3) more likely to smoke cigarettes than non-opium users. Conclusions: The prevalence of cigarette smoking among patients visiting an outpatient clinic in Afghanistan was high, and there was an association between cigarette smoking and male gender, a family history of smoking or a friend history of smoking, level of education, rural residency, and opium consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ajm.ajm_40_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T09:32:13Z","timestamp":1570095133000},"page":"129-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The prevalence and associated factors of cigarette smoking and its association with opium use among outpatients in Afghanistan: A cross-sectional study in Andkhoy city"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"09","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Shoaib","family":"Hamrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hassan","family":"Hamrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Mohammad Hashem Hamah\u2019s Curative Clinic, Andkhoy, Faryab, Afghanistan; Faculty of Stomatology, Kunduz University, Kunduz, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hassain","family":"Hamrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Mohammad Hashem Hamah\u2019s Curative Clinic, Andkhoy, Faryab, Afghanistan; Faculty of Medicine, Arya University, Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Edris","family":"Hamrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Mohammad Hashem Hamah\u2019s Curative Clinic, Andkhoy, Faryab, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toba","family":"Dahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, AbantIzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bagher","family":"Pahlavanzade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdurrahman","family":"Charkazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Research Center, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hashem","family":"Hamrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Mohammad Hashem Hamah\u2019s Curative Clinic, Andkhoy, Faryab, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303826","article-title":"Epidemiology and public health policy of tobacco use and cardiovascular disorders in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"34","author":"D Saleheen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00315-0","article-title":"Alcohol high risk drinking, abuse and dependence among tobacco smoking medical care patients and the general population","volume":"69","author":"U John","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(01)00263-5","article-title":"Substance use in the general hospital","volume":"28","author":"C 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Iran","volume":"18","author":"M Shuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"367","article-title":"Al Khalifa I Smoking in a Saudi community: prevalence, influencing factors, and risk perception","volume":"33","author":"S Siddiqui","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e274","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2251","article-title":"Parental smoking and adolescent smoking initiation: an intergenerational perspective on tobacco control","volume":"123","author":"S E Gilman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.4.1125","article-title":"Exploring factors influencing smoking behaviour in Malaysia","volume":"13","author":"Y K Cheah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01514.x","article-title":"Tobacco consumption and its association with ilicit drug use among men in Bangladesh","volume":"101","author":"M M Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"2833","article-title":"Risk perception and correlates of tobacco use among young people outside of formal school settings in Lagos State, Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"O O Odukoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1120","article-title":"L Adolescents\u2019 multisubstance use patterns: the role of heavy Alcohol and cigarette use","volume":"82","author":"S Balley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["Avicenna Journal of 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