{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:49:26Z","timestamp":1791892166120,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1474,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Asian J Neurosurg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Since it was first introduced, a variety of modification techniques to block the impar ganglion appear such as transsacrococcygeal ligament technique, sacrococcygeal transdiscal approach, paramedian approach, and a two-needle technique using fluoroscopy or computed tomography scan. For therapeutic purposes, a combination of steroid and local anesthetic, neurolysis agents such as alcohol, phenol, cryolesioning, and heat lesioning using radiofrequency thermocoagulation could be used. Here, we reported a successful outcome in treating chronic perineal pain in a 65-year-old patient using combination of neurolysis agent which was alcohol 96% and radiofrequency thermocoagulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.ajns_306_16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T09:34:29Z","timestamp":1641288869000},"page":"838-841","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impar ganglion block with combination of neurolysis drugs and radiofrequency thermocoagulation for perineal pain"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Agus","family":"Turchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University\/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achmad","family":"Fahmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University\/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heri","family":"Subianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University\/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200407000-00039","article-title":"Clinical implications of topographic anatomy on the ganglion impar","author":"Oh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-2","first-page":"A751","article-title":"Presacral blockade of the ganglion of Walther (ganglion impar)","author":"Plancarte","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-3","unstructured":"Erdine S, Ozyakin S. Pelvic sympathetic blocks: Ganglion of impar block. In: Raj PP, editor. Interventional Pain Management: Image-Guided Procedures. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. p. 400-4."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toshniwal GR, Dureja GP, Prashanth SM. Transsacrococcygeal approach to ganglion impar block for management of chronic perineal pain: A prospective observational study. Pain Physician 2007;10:661-6.","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2007\/10\/661"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-5","first-page":"363","article-title":"The effect of ganglion impar block for excessive perianal sweating","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-6","first-page":"226","article-title":"Ganglion impar block in the management of rectal tenesmoid pain","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-7","unstructured":"Van Zundert J, Sluijter M, van Kleef M. Thermal and pulsed radiofrequency. In: Raj PP, editor. Interventional Pain Management: Image-Guided Procedures. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. p. 56-65."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-8","unstructured":"Wallace MS, Leung AY, McBeth MD. Malignant pain. In: Raj PP, editor. Textbook of Regional Anesthesia. Pennsylvania: Churchill Livingstone Publishers; 2002. p. 585."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-9","first-page":"458","article-title":"Neurolytic block of ganglion of Walther for the management of chronic pelvic pain","author":"Malec-Milewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-10","first-page":"328","article-title":"Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of ganglion impar in the management of coccydynia: Preliminary results","author":"Demircay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-11","first-page":"697","article-title":"Impar ganglion radiofrequency application in successful management of oncologic perineal pain","author":"G\u00fcrses","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2010.23.1.65","article-title":"Ganglion impar block with botulinum toxin type A for chronic perineal pain \u2013 A case report","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-13","first-page":"CD002918","article-title":"Sympathectomy for neuropathic pain","author":"Mailis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1793-5482.238048-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2005.05206.x","article-title":"Thermocoagulation of the ganglion impar or ganglion of Walther: Description of a modified approach.Preliminary results in chronic, nononcological pain","author":"Reig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Pract"}],"container-title":["Asian Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_306_16.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:15:47Z","timestamp":1663200947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_306_16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ajns.ajns_306_16","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1793-5482","2248-9614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1793-5482","type":"print"},{"value":"2248-9614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}}}