{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T22:18:06Z","timestamp":1785190686530,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":null,"issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>There are some common genetic heritages between human and mammals. Human tail, though rare is one of the most noticeable. Till the date, around 60 cases reported in the literature. A true human tail is a benign vestigial caudal cutaneous structure composed of adipose, connective tissue, muscle, vessels and nerves. A true human tail can be distinguished from a pseudotail as the latter is commonly associated with underlying spinal dysraphism, which requires specialised management. We report a case series of four caudal appendages. Two clients were infants, while others two were toddler and presented with cutaneous appendage arising from the lumbosacral region. Out of four, only one had associated spinal dysraphism and neurological manifestation while others did not have spinal dysraphism and neurological manifestation. The appendage was removed by the surgical excision. Clinicians should emphasise the use of \u2019true tail\u2019 and \u2019pseudo-tail\u2019 as the specific disparate terms as the clinical, radiological and histological findings of these conditions differs significantly, along with the management strategies and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ajps.ajps_48_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T05:36:44Z","timestamp":1613453804000},"page":"43-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Experience with Human Tail and its Outcome"],"prefix":"10.67481","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Md. Nazrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman Bikram","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mahabubul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umme Habiba Dilshad","family":"Munmun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":null,"reference":[{"key":"R1-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198205203062006","article-title":"Evolution and the human tail: A case report","volume":"306","author":"Ledley","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R2-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1995.tb00174.x","article-title":"True tail in a newborn","volume":"12","author":"Alashari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"R3-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr1120115160","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.11.2011.5160","article-title":"An infant with caudal appendage","volume":"2012","author":"Shad","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"R4-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2016.17.01.020","article-title":"A true human tail in a neonate: Case report and literature review","volume":"17","author":"Pillai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"R5-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4103\/JPN.JPN_74_17","article-title":"A rare case of \u201cHuman Tail\u201d associated with lipomyelomeningocele and tethered cord","volume":"13","author":"Canaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"R6-10-20240829","first-page":"72","article-title":"A case of a human tail","volume":"104","author":"Lundberg","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Dis Children"},{"key":"R7-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22712","article-title":"Enigmatic human tails: A review of their history, embryology, classification, and clinical manifestations","volume":"29","author":"Tubbs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"R8-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000120450","article-title":"Neuroectodermal appendages: The human tail explained","volume":"15","author":"Gaskill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"R9-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2189-2","article-title":"Limited dorsal myeloschisis: A not-so-rare form of primary neurulation defect","volume":"29","author":"Pang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"R10-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1159\/000085876","article-title":"Teratoma in human tail lipoma","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"R11-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000084863","article-title":"Human tail with noncontiguous intraspinal lipoma and spinal cord tethering: Case report and embryologic discussion","volume":"41","author":"Donovan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"R12-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(84)80079-9","article-title":"Human tails and pseudo-tail","volume":"15","author":"Dao","year":"1984","journal-title":"Human Pathol"},{"key":"R13-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198804000-00009","article-title":"\u2019Detailing the human tail\u2019","volume":"20","author":"Dubrow","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"R14-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(98)00046-0","article-title":"The human tail","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R15-10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3208-x","article-title":"Proposed caudal appendage classification system; 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