{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:30:23Z","timestamp":1786728623154,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state increasing the risk of thrombosis and maternal mortality. Free protein S (FPS) levels are significantly reduced during pregnancy as compared to nonpregnant women. This study aims to ascertain the mean FPS levels for Indian pregnant women and study various factors like age, parity, trimester, hemoglobin (Hb) in relation to FPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MATERIALS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      521 pregnant and equal number of nonpregnant women were included in the study. Blood samples were collected and evaluated for FPS and Hb levels.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05 was considered statically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean FPS levels in pregnant women were significantly lower than nonpregnant women and showed a statistically significant fall in all the three trimesters. Mean Hb levels were also lower in pregnant females however correlation between FPS levels and Hb, age, and parity were not found to be significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that the mean FPS levels in healthy pregnant females decrease with increasing gestational age. The mean FPS levels will be useful in the Indian scenario as our study found FPS levels to be much lower than other studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ajts.ajts_155_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T01:01:08Z","timestamp":1707267668000},"page":"92-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A study to assess the levels of free protein S in pregnant and nonpregnant women in a tertiary care center in Western Maharashtra"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Neerja","family":"Kushwaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Command Hospital (Central Command), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit Kumar","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay Kumar","family":"Baranwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bidhan","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit Ajay","family":"Pawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ujjwal","family":"Dimri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujay","family":"Bhowmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14182","article-title":"Evaluation of the plasma protein S dynamics during pregnancy using a total protein S assay: Protein S-specific activity decreased from the second trimester","volume":"46","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"R2-20260529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-014-0448-3","article-title":"Free protein s reference ranges in gravidas without hereditary and acquired thrombophilia","volume":"31","author":"Basaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus"},{"key":"R3-20260529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.05.021","article-title":"Trimester-specific coagulation and anticoagulation reference intervals for healthy pregnancy","volume":"156","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"R4-20260529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1160\/TH14-11-0928","article-title":"Low levels of plasma protein S, protein C and coagulation factor XII during early pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome","volume":"114","author":"Ebina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R5-20260529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-012-0197-x","article-title":"Study of thrombophilia in recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"62","author":"Hansda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"key":"R6-20260529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000226","article-title":"Hereditary thrombophilia and recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"59","author":"Pritchard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R7-20260529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-07-0476","article-title":"Altered reference ranges for protein C and protein S during early pregnancy: Implications for the diagnosis of protein C and protein S deficiency during pregnancy","volume":"103","author":"Said","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R8-20260529","article-title":"Collection, Transport, and Processing of Blood Specimens for Testing Plasma-Based Coagulation Assays and Molecular Hemostasis Assays;CLSI Approved Guideline-Fifth Edition. 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