{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:22:11Z","timestamp":1787772131524,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Rationale:<\/jats:title>\n Cancrum oris, also known as noma, is a rare and rapidly progressing gangrenous infection affecting the oral cavity, commonly seen in malnourished children. We discuss the clinical presentation, diagnostic dilemma and management in a 54-year-old male human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient with oral ulceration clinically resembling squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patient Concerns:<\/jats:title>\n The patient had severe oral ulceration with pain and difficulty eating food.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Diagnosis:<\/jats:title>\n Histopathological examination was misleading as it revealed features akin to early invasion of SCC. Immunohistochemistry findings were not in favour of SCC.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Treatment:<\/jats:title>\n Antiretroviral therapy was started owing to the decreased CD4 cell count.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Outcomes:<\/jats:title>\n Lesions began to show signs of healing on follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Take-Away Lessons:<\/jats:title>\n This case aims to highlight the unique challenges of diagnosing and emphasises the importance of considering opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients presenting with oral ulcerations to prevent misdiagnosis and maltreatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_201_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:31Z","timestamp":1712620831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Noma Masquerading as Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A Case Report in an AIDS Patient"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"R. Mahesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. R.","family":"Marimallappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. S.","family":"Sreelakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. R. Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Jambukeshwar","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pal","family":"Supriyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.9716","article-title":"Noma and noma-like disease in HIV\/AIDS patients, a comorbid interaction:A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Prado-Calleros","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(96)90159-7","article-title":"Noma (cancrum oris) in human immunodeficiency virus\/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients:Report of eight cases","volume":"54","author":"Chidzonga","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.08.012","article-title":"R`ecurrent noma (cancrum oris) in human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV and AIDS):Report of a case","volume":"66","author":"Chidzonga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.1999.tb00081.x","article-title":"Microbiological understandings and mysteries of noma (cancrum oris)","volume":"5","author":"Falkler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(83)90077-4","article-title":"Noma:Report of two cases","volume":"56","author":"Griffin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0718","article-title":"Noma:Overview of a neglected disease and human rights violation","volume":"96","author":"Srour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e869","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000869","article-title":"A case and review of noma","volume":"4","author":"Tonna","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n4p53","article-title":"A review on noma:A recent update","volume":"8","author":"Ashok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/0189-6725.54767","article-title":"Protocol for managing acute cancrum oris in children:An experience in five cases","volume":"6","author":"Adeola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr J Paediatr Surg"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(02)00192-4","article-title":"Cancrum oris:Its incidence and treatment in Enugu, Nigeria","volume":"40","author":"Oji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ams.ams_201_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:30:58Z","timestamp":1787769058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ams.ams_201_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"references-count":10,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ams.ams_201_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2231-0746","2249-3816"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2231-0746","type":"print"},{"value":"2249-3816","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-14","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-01","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}