{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T11:27:41Z","timestamp":1791718061981,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent birth defect of childhood, often requiring surgical intervention. Postoperatively, psychosocial health and neurodevelopmental delays remain a healthcare concern. While many factors were identified to contribute to these outcomes, overprotective parenting has been shown to have detrimental effects on children\u2019s health. The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between overprotective parenting and child development and\/or psychosocial health of children with CHD. A systematic review methodology was used and included Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Excerpta Medica Database, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, and PsycINFO databases. Studies were included if they examined the association between overprotective parenting and child development or psychosocial health. Articles were selected if they addressed psychosocial health, such as anxiety, depression, lifestyle, resilience, or self-management, or child development domains, which included outcomes such as cognitive, motor, language, behavioral, personal-social\/adaptive, and attention\/executive functions. Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines were used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. Nine articles were obtained for the final narrative analysis, with sample sizes ranging from 60 to 400 children with CHD and their parents. A negative relationship was found between overprotective parenting and motor developmental delay in children with CHD. Moreover, a strong association was found with behavioral and psychosocial health. However, studies did not assess all developmental domains and used different measures of parental overprotectiveness. Further longitudinal research is needed, and the assessment of children\u2019s development, their psychosocial health, and their parenting style is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/apc.apc_224_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T17:04:22Z","timestamp":1759856662000},"page":"259-272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Overprotective parenting and its effect on development and psychosocial health in children with congenital heart disease: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tamar","family":"Avedissian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hariri School of Nursing, American University, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar","family":"Noureddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hariri School of Nursing, American University, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Bulbul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Amercian University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Moons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layal","family":"Hneiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hariri School of Nursing, American University, Beirut, Lebanon"},{"name":"Calder Library, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Atwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hariri School of Nursing, American University, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/13674935211058010","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to discussing parent mental health within child health care: Perspectives of parents raising a child with congenital heart disease","volume":"27","author":"Franklin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Child Health Care"},{"key":"R2-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000606","article-title":"Genetic basis for congenital heart disease: Revisited: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"138","author":"Pierpont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R3-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.946343","article-title":"Temporal trends in survival to adulthood among patients born with congenital heart disease from 1970 to 1992 in Belgium","volume":"122","author":"Moons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R4-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.064113","article-title":"Early developmental outcome in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and related anomalies: The single ventricle reconstruction trial","volume":"125","author":"Newburger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R5-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014521","article-title":"Risk factors for abnormal developmental trajectories in young children with congenital heart disease","volume":"132","author":"Mussatto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R6-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315431","article-title":"Rating early child development outcome measurement tools for routine health programme use","volume":"104","author":"Boggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R8-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.2174\/1874944502013010850","article-title":"The connection between health promotion, prevention, and psychosocial health: An innovative action model","volume":"13","author":"Helfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Public Health J"},{"key":"R9-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20211214-02","article-title":"Development of an interrelated definition of psychosocial health for the health sciences using concept analysis","volume":"60","author":"Peter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"key":"R10-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951123000525","article-title":"Developmental care pathway for hospitalised infants with CHD: On behalf of the cardiac newborn neuroprotective network, a Special Interest Group of the cardiac neurodevelopmental outcome collaborative","volume":"33","author":"Lisanti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"R11-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493513496664","article-title":"Parenting interventions for childhood chronic illness: A review and recommendations for intervention design and delivery","volume":"19","author":"Morawska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Health Care"},{"key":"R12-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31389-7","article-title":"Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course","volume":"389","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R13-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2021.1896037","article-title":"The association between parent stress, coping and mental health, and neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants with congenital heart disease","volume":"35","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R14-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515119881871","article-title":"Parenting stress mediates the association between cyanotic congenital heart disease and internalising problems in children and adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"R15-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2019.11.012","article-title":"The associations between infant development and parenting stress in infants with congenital heart disease at six and twelve months of age","volume":"51","author":"Golfenshtein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"R16-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199502000-00008","article-title":"The vulnerable child syndrome revisited","volume":"16","author":"Thomasgard","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"R17-20260420","first-page":"169","article-title":"Consequences of different kinds of parental discipline","volume":"1","author":"Becker","year":"1964","journal-title":"Rev Child Dev Res"},{"key":"R18-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1165694","article-title":"Maternal behavior, child behavior, and their intercorrelations from infancy through adolescence","volume":"28","author":"Schaefer","year":"1963","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"key":"R19-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02367260","article-title":"Parental overprotection revisited","volume":"24","author":"Thomasgard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"R20-20260420","first-page":"244","article-title":"Parent-child relationship disorders. Part I. Parental overprotection and the development of the parent protection scale","volume":"16","author":"Thomasgard","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"R21-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000110","DOI":"10.1161\/HCQ.0000000000000110","article-title":"Psychological outcomes and interventions for individuals with congenital heart disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"15","author":"Kovacs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"R22-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R23-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.110657","article-title":"Systematic literature reviews in software engineering \u2013 Enhancement of the study selection process using Cohen\u2019s kappa statistic","volume":"168","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Syst Softw"},{"key":"R24-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111630","article-title":"Explaining the unsuitability of the kappa coefficient in the assessment and comparison of the accuracy of thematic maps obtained by image classification","volume":"239","author":"Foody","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"key":"R25-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.38.1.92","article-title":"Attitudinal factors in congenital heart disease","volume":"38","author":"Linde","year":"1966","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R26-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.2307\/1127102","article-title":"Intellectual development in children with congenital heart disease","volume":"38","author":"Rasof","year":"1967","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"R27-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1970.tb08984.x","article-title":"Longitudinal studies of intellectual and behavioral development in children with congenital heart disease","volume":"59","author":"Linde","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"R28-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951121002912","article-title":"Parental post-traumatic stress, overprotective parenting, and emotional and behavioural problems for children with critical congenital heart disease","volume":"32","author":"McWhorter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"R29-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3182331e99","article-title":"Adolescents with congenital heart disease: The importance of perceived parenting for psychosocial and health outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Luyckx","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"R30-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-014-9569-2","article-title":"A closer look at the developmental interplay between parenting and perceived health in adolescents with congenital heart disease","volume":"37","author":"Rassart","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"R31-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2017.00055","article-title":"The relationship between parental rearing behavior, resilience, and depressive symptoms in adolescents with congenital heart disease","volume":"4","author":"Moon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"R32-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-010-9112-y","article-title":"Parental overprotection and heart-focused anxiety in adults with congenital heart disease","volume":"18","author":"Ong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"R33-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12300","article-title":"Psychosocial maturity, autonomy, and transition readiness among young adults with congenital heart disease or a heart transplant","volume":"11","author":"Mackie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Congenit Heart Dis"},{"key":"R34-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12709","article-title":"Putting parental overprotection into a family systems context: Relations of overprotective parenting with perceived coparenting and adolescent anxiety","volume":"61","author":"Van Petegem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam Process"},{"key":"R35-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence \u2013 Study limitations (risk of bias)","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R37-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12228","article-title":"How well socially wary preschoolers fare over time depends on their parasympathetic regulation and socialization","volume":"85","author":"Hastings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"R38-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.13189\/ujer.2019.070331","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between parental attitudes and children\u2019s receptive and expressive language skills","volume":"7","author":"Altinkaynak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Univers J Educ Res"},{"key":"R39-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13992","article-title":"Child neurodevelopment and mental health after surgical ventricular septal defect repair: Risk and protective factors","volume":"61","author":"Eichler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R40-20260420","first-page":"45","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome after surgery for acyanotic congenital heart disease","author":"Sarrechia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"R41-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844291","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.844291","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition in the second year of life is predicted by prenatal maternal anxiety, overprotective parenting and infant temperament in early infancy","volume":"13","author":"Mudra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"R42-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.09.073","article-title":"Influence of fathers\u2019 early parenting on the development of children born very preterm and full term","volume":"205","author":"McMahon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R43-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00704-w","article-title":"Trajectories of overprotective parenting and hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention among moderate-late preterm children: A population-based study","volume":"48","author":"Faleschini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"R44-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.03.026","article-title":"Maternal BIS sensitivity, overprotective parenting, and children\u2019s internalizing behaviors","volume":"53","author":"Kiel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"R45-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0404-z","article-title":"Maternal and family processes in different subgroups of youth with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"47","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"R46-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.02.002","article-title":"Maternal parenting styles and mother-child relationship among adolescents with and without persistent attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"34","author":"Gau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"R47-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-008-9227-5","article-title":"Overprotective parenting, social anxiety, and external locus of control: Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships","volume":"33","author":"Spokas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"R48-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12498","article-title":"Exposure to overprotective parenting and psychopathology in extremely low birth weight survivors","volume":"44","author":"Day","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"}],"container-title":["Annals of Pediatric Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/apc.apc_224_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:39:11Z","timestamp":1786649951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/apc.apc_224_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/apc.apc_224_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-2069","0974-5149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-2069","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-5149","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-17","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-13","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}