{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:41:07Z","timestamp":1789810867148,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a subset of stroke with a rising trend over the recent years, namely, venous stroke. Its pathogenesis is distinctly heterogeneous from that of arterial ischemic stroke. Severe CVT often results in irreversible brain damage due to concomitant cerebral venous infarction and\/or hemorrhage, and the prognosis is extremely poor. Currently, venous stroke has received increasing attention and focus from the scientific community. It has been identified that blood\u2013brain barrier disruption, impaired lymphatic drainage, immune inflammatory response, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative\/nitrative stress, and excitotoxicity are intimately tied to the pathophysiology secondary to CVT; however, the specific pathological molecular mechanisms remain to be elaborated in detail. Based on the latest research, combined with the current transcriptomics data, this study reviews the potential pathomechanisms linked with secondary brain injury post-CVT and summarizes the relevant therapeutic strategies, which will contribute to the grasp of the pathology of venous stroke for early clinical recognition and intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_180_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:00:15Z","timestamp":1763388015000},"page":"103-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Progress on the mechanism of pathological injury secondary to venous stroke and their therapeutic strategies: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangrong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingmen, Hubei Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30500-3","article-title":"Stroke in China: Advances and challenges in epidemiology, prevention, and management","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R2-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019671","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1019671","article-title":"Venous stroke-a stroke subtype that should not be ignored","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R3-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.104","article-title":"Cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"13","author":"Silvis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R4-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031026","article-title":"Cerebral venous thrombosis:Finnish nationwide trends","volume":"52","author":"Ruuskanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R5-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000079939","article-title":"Cerebral venous infarction: The pathophysiological concept","volume":"18","author":"Schaller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R6-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00002","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis: A review","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R7-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7996-9","article-title":"Long-term outcome after cerebral venous thrombosis: Analysis of functional and vocational outcome, residual symptoms, and adverse events in 161 patients","volume":"263","author":"Hiltunen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R8-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12875","article-title":"Vocational outcome in cerebral venous thrombosis:Long-term follow-up study","volume":"137","author":"Lindgren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R9-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.044266","article-title":"Advances in cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"55","author":"Aguiar de Sousa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R10-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14494","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14494","article-title":"Expression and metabolism profiles of CVT associated with inflammatory responses and oxygen carrier ability in the brain","volume":"30","author":"Kui","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"R11-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.06.029","article-title":"Early BBB breakdown and subacute inflammasome activation and pyroptosis as a result of cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"1699","author":"Rashad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R12-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873802","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.873802","article-title":"Inflammation and severe cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R13-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.09.003","article-title":"Oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity contribute to apoptosis in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"100","author":"Tiwari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"R14-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104856","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress contribute to neuronal pyroptosis caused by cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in rats: Involvement of TXNIP\/peroxynitrite-NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"141","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"R15-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2023.105035","article-title":"Sequential transcriptomic alterations in the cerebral cortex of mice after cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"291","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Proteomics"},{"key":"R16-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01481-w","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier:Structure, regulation, and drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"R17-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00230-3","article-title":"A blood-brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity","volume":"17","author":"Kadry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"R18-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1994.36","article-title":"Cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis in rats induces long-term deficits in brain function and morphology \u2013 Evidence for a cytotoxic genesis","volume":"14","author":"Frerichs","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R19-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199611000-00033","article-title":"Experimental cerebral venous thrombosis: Evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"16","author":"R\u00f6ther","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R20-20260330","first-page":"199","article-title":"Exploring blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability and potential biomarkers in traumatic brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"R21-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0755-5","article-title":"Microvascular damage following experimental sinus-vein thrombosis in rats","volume":"106","author":"Vosko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"R22-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03374-y","article-title":"A novel rat model for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis:Verification of similarity to human disease via clinical analysis and experimental validation","volume":"20","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"R23-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.0405","article-title":"Identifying biomarkers associated with venous infarction in acute\/subacute cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"12","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"R24-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000165925.20413.14","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist reduces brain edema formation and venous infarction","volume":"36","author":"Kimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R25-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011692","article-title":"Exacerbation of thromboinflammation by JAK2V617F mutation worsens the prognosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"8","author":"Bourrienne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"R26-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6060","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-03959-2","article-title":"SIRT1-mediated HMGB1 deacetylation suppresses neutrophil extracellular traps related to blood-brain barrier impairment after cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"61","author":"Mu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R27-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106720","article-title":"An MMP-9 exclusive neutralizing antibody attenuates blood-brain barrier breakdown in mice with stroke and reduces stroke patient-derived MMP-9 activity","volume":"190","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"R28-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1726094","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels are associated with brain lesion and persistent venous occlusion in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"121","author":"Aguiar de Sousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R29-20260330","first-page":"127","article-title":"The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in ischemic stroke","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"R30-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808698106","article-title":"VEGF-mediated disruption of endothelial CLN-5 promotes blood-brain barrier breakdown","volume":"106","author":"Argaw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R31-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00845-z","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote thrombogenicity in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R32-20260330","first-page":"AWP63","article-title":"Abstract WP63: Global cerebral edema is associated with worse outcomes in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"49","author":"Shaban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R33-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112384","article-title":"The role of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in spinal cord injury","volume":"145","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"R34-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.037","article-title":"Targeting aquaporin-4 subcellular localization to treat central nervous system edema","volume":"181","author":"Kitchen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R35-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106570","article-title":"Downregulation of NF-\u03baB by Shp-1 alleviates cerebral venous sinus thrombosis-induced brain edema via suppression of AQP4","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R36-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698036","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.698036","article-title":"Glymphatic system in the central nervous system, a novel therapeutic direction against brain edema after stroke","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R37-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689098","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.689098","article-title":"The glymphatic system: A novel therapeutic target for stroke treatment","volume":"13","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R38-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-113023-103045","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatics in central nervous system diseases","volume":"47","author":"Salvador","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R39-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00500-9","article-title":"The glymphatic system: Implications for drugs for central nervous system diseases","volume":"21","author":"Lohela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"R40-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1419-5","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic vessels at the skull base drain cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"572","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R41-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138769","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1138769","article-title":"Glymphatic system:An emerging therapeutic approach for neurological disorders","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"R42-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S204269","article-title":"The relationship between blood-brain barrier permeability and enlarged perivascular spaces: A cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"R43-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.91653","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap-mediated impairment of meningeal lymphatic drainage exacerbates secondary hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"R44-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.09.025","article-title":"Filling the gaps on stroke research:Focus on inflammation and immunity","volume":"91","author":"Levard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R45-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1369-0","article-title":"Inflammation is correlated with severity and outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R46-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.562983","article-title":"Roles of inflammation and the activated protein C pathway in the brain edema associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"41","author":"Nagai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R47-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220706115957","article-title":"Neutrophil heterogeneity and its roles in the inflammatory network after ischemic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"R48-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1381-0","article-title":"Neutrophil recruitment to the brain in mouse and human ischemic stroke","volume":"129","author":"Perez-de-Puig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"R49-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308022","article-title":"Inflammatory disequilibrium in stroke","volume":"119","author":"Petrovic-Djergovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R50-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpth.2022.100028","article-title":"Spatiotemporal profile of neutrophil extracellular trap formation in a mouse model of ischemic stroke","volume":"7","author":"De Wilde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Pract Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R51-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17845","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03390","article-title":"Smart liposomal nanocarrier enhanced the treatment of ischemic stroke through neutrophil extracellular traps and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway inhibition of ischemic penumbra","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"R52-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02511-0","article-title":"Activating cGAS-STING axis contributes to neuroinflammation in CVST mouse model and induces inflammasome activation and microglia pyroptosis","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R53-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S461795","article-title":"Microglia in ischemic stroke:Pathogenesis insights and therapeutic challenges","volume":"17","author":"Shui","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"R54-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.01.005","article-title":"The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke","volume":"157","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R55-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-019-00388-3","article-title":"Dual functions of microglia in ischemic stroke","volume":"35","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"R56-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04596-2","article-title":"Specification of CNS macrophage subsets occurs postnatally in defined niches","volume":"604","author":"Masuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R57-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.08.011","article-title":"Microglia and macrophages differ in their inflammatory profile after permanent brain ischemia","volume":"301","author":"Zarruk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R58-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887526","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.887526","article-title":"Immunocytes rapid responses post-ischemic stroke in peripheral blood in patients with different ages","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R59-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-249078","article-title":"Early detrimental T-cell effects in experimental cerebral ischemia are neither related to adaptive immunity nor thrombus formation","volume":"115","author":"Kleinschnitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R60-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814394116","article-title":"Double-negative T cells remarkably promote neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke","volume":"116","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R61-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1676-0","article-title":"T cells and cerebral ischemic stroke","volume":"40","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"R62-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1582","article-title":"Functions of natural killer cells","volume":"9","author":"Vivier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"R63-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315943111","article-title":"Ischemic neurons recruit natural killer cells that accelerate brain infarction","volume":"111","author":"Gan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R64-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.103","article-title":"NK cells in cerebral ischemia","volume":"109","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"R65-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.015","article-title":"Brain ischemia suppresses immunity in the periphery and brain via different neurogenic innervations","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R66-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5891","article-title":"Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin protects against brain injury in a CVST rat model, via downregulation of the HMGB1-RAGE axis","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"R67-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7311","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217311","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of targeting the HMGB1\/RAGE axis in inflammatory diseases","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"R68-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090852","article-title":"Oxidative stress:Concept and some practical aspects","volume":"9","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"R69-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.03.034","article-title":"ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress","volume":"24","author":"Schieber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"R70-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609810666170315112634","article-title":"Protein tyrosine nitration:Role in aging","volume":"10","author":"Chakravarti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Aging Sci"},{"key":"R71-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199802000-00001","article-title":"Peroxynitrite formation in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats occurs predominantly in the peri-infarct region","volume":"18","author":"Fukuyama","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R72-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.03.065","article-title":"Peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst prevents matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation and neurovascular injury after hemoglobin injection into the caudate nucleus of rats","volume":"297","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"R73-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090818","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress and Alzheimer disease","volume":"9","author":"Butterfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"R74-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7906091","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7906091","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in vascular-related diseases","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022"},{"key":"R75-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14100506","article-title":"Role of peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and its fluorescence imaging-based detection","volume":"14","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R76-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.11.036","article-title":"Studies of free radical generation by neurons in a rat model of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"450","author":"Srivastava","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R77-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01019-8","article-title":"TXNIP: A key protein in the cellular stress response pathway and a potential therapeutic target","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"R78-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.02.008","article-title":"Induction of thioredoxin-interacting protein is mediated by oxidative stress, calcium, and glucose after brain injury in mice","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"R79-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091289","article-title":"Neurovascular protective effect of FeTPPs in N-methyl-D-aspartate model:Similarities to diabetes","volume":"177","author":"Al-Gayyar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R80-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109269","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2109269","article-title":"The influence of oxidative stress and natural antioxidants on morphometric parameters of red blood cells, the hemoglobin oxygen binding capacity, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes","volume":"2019","author":"Revin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"R81-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2019.05.252","article-title":"Effect of oxidative stress on haemoglobin oxygen-binding capacity","volume":"305","author":"Kuzmenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"R82-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704334","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.704334","article-title":"Mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress in cerebral ischemia","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R83-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1077-9","article-title":"IRE1\u03b1 inhibition decreased TXNIP\/NLRP3 inflammasome activation through miR-17-5p after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rats","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R84-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2015.1059836","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress in brain ischemia","volume":"126","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"R85-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.01.038","article-title":"A study of ER stress in rat model of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"589","author":"Tiwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R86-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.07.007","article-title":"IRE1\u03b1 induces thioredoxin-interacting protein to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and promote programmed cell death under irremediable ER stress","volume":"16","author":"Lerner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R87-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0878-6","article-title":"Thioredoxin-interacting protein links endoplasmic reticulum stress to inflammatory brain injury and apoptosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R88-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.03.010","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates glutamate neurotoxicity in the hippocampus by suppression of ER stress-associated TXNIP\/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a manner dependent on AMPK","volume":"286","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"R89-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10152","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900326R","article-title":"Cilostazol ameliorates ischemia\/reperfusion-induced tight junction disruption in brain endothelial cells by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"33","author":"Nan","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"R90-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01064-1","article-title":"Signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"R91-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00695-7","article-title":"Multimodal regional brain monitoring of tissue ischemia in severe cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"31","author":"Simonin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"R92-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-018-9932-0","article-title":"Exploring the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition by 4-phenylbutyric acid on AMPA-induced hippocampal excitotoxicity in rat brain","volume":"35","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"R93-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4289-06.2007","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition protects against excitotoxic neuronal injury in the rat brain","volume":"27","author":"Sokka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R94-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00424-7","article-title":"Intracerebral haemorrhage","volume":"9","author":"Puy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R95-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031197","article-title":"Edaravone dexborneol versus edaravone alone for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: A phase III, randomized, double-blind, comparative trial","volume":"52","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R96-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2165\/11319360-000000000-00000","article-title":"Effects of hypothermia on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"49","author":"van den Broek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"R97-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S123501","article-title":"Local mild hypothermia therapy as an augmentation strategy for minimally invasive surgery of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R98-20260330","first-page":"ATP39","article-title":"Abstract TP39:Endovascular treatment combined with therapeutic hypothermia and decompressive hemicraniectomy for malignant cerebral venous thrombosis: A prospective study","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R99-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.502658","article-title":"Endovascular thrombectomy and thrombolysis for severe cerebral sinus thrombosis: A prospective study","volume":"39","author":"Stam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R100-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15910199241285071","DOI":"10.1177\/15910199241285071","article-title":"Endovascular thrombectomy for severe cerebral venous thrombosis:A comprehensive meta-analysis assessing safety and efficacy","volume":"30","author":"Ghozy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R101-20260330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003502","article-title":"Steroids combined with anticoagulant in acute\/subacute severe cerebral venous thrombosis","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"}],"container-title":["Brain Circulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/bc.bc_180_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:53:26Z","timestamp":1787068406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/bc.bc_180_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/bc.bc_180_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2394-8108","2455-4626"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2394-8108","type":"print"},{"value":"2455-4626","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-07","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-18","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}