{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:36:00Z","timestamp":1786739760283,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An isolated or trapped fourth ventricle is a relatively rare, although serious, adverse effect of hemorrhagic, infectious, or inflammatory processes that involve the central nervous system. This entity usually occurs after successful shunting of the lateral ventricles and may become clinically evident with the development of delayed clinical deterioration. This decline of the neurological status of the patient is evident after an initial period of improvement of the relevant symptoms. Surgical treatment options include cerebrospinal fluid shunting procedures, along with open surgical and endoscopic approaches. Complications related to its management are common and are related with obstruction of the fourth ventricular catheter, along with cranial nerve or brainstem dysfunction. We used the keywords: \u201cisolated fourth ventricle,\u201d and \u201ctrapped fourth ventricle,\u201d in PubMed\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      and Web of Science\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Treatment of the trapped fourth ventricle remains a surgical challenge, although the neurosurgical treatment armamentarium has broadened. However, prompt recognition of the clinical and neurological findings that accompany any individual patient, in conjunction with the relevant imaging findings, is mandatory to organize our treatment plan on an individual basis. The current experience suggests that any individual intervention plan should be mainly based on the underlying pathological substrate of hydrocephalus. This could help us to preserve the patient\u2019s life, on an emergent basis, as well as to ensure an uneventful neurological outcome, maintaining at least the preexisting level of neurological function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_30_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T14:54:43Z","timestamp":1629989683000},"page":"147-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The entity of the trapped fourth ventricle"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ploutarchos","family":"Karydakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Themistocleous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-2-20240830","first-page":"710","article-title":"Management strategies for treatment of the trapped fourth ventricle","volume":"20","author":"Harter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"R3-2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.3.0357","article-title":"Isolated ventricles following intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"62","author":"Eller","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R4-2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-002-1369-3","article-title":"An isolated fourth ventricle in neurosarcoidosis: MRI findings","volume":"12","author":"Hesselmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"R5-2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(87)90310-7","article-title":"Trapped fourth ventricle in an adult: Radiographic findings and surgical treatment","volume":"28","author":"Hubbard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"R6-2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.4.0897","article-title":"Hydrocephalus due to idiopathic stenosis of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka. 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